JFIF     "" $(4,$&1'-=-157:::#+?D?8C49:7 7%%77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"H !1AQ"2aqB#R3b$Cr4Ss%Tt&c$!1AQ"a#2B ? }XuAo)8^ IƟ`vUp9jY0Ǧ w)E허2jU`SEKw5]kSno!]:?jc\غV7/9N+{t#8zd/޲3F/=ź3GNquV"/4:{z%ۣI'D@ %88^f}VV)S_2ed^Mx"͟?UC62Q%чmO͓ cq0rŖJ\Õ_Sݶ'|G.q޾D U]nP%EF>˲E"d&'f2s6H]4w IS˶4VbaQ+9]XtNx:M0JNxϙ⟟"{nr;|{%vo\z-wc,*|k}-m55o4W9ؓw߱Yzk .=/oϡȴ^9ҧʹamtQԬZ]4?egjrQ}+)MleE]MPEn!`IK2RUEwVIoͷcp;lśe7΄uN ;rПV8|e\׹9Y-V_G.)XԢOv<;_"ڜ]ߙEr݊'K{KuBJ}KI}24|"v)/ʻo5)6-Tjd7.C]Q&lU,Yk1P4~UKZs|$kX6+屷CUq+N(jlGrpG&UB3#k3\9qfg7O8Kim(AJOO~C#e`i0wĦij$cWh<dtQߺ"NOtG+ZǪ]b5%]v5$)u|qZ柡s-rۖu$MKڎCmN_V'/1u,21pvlc>қeNnֺ|bkl=lǷNOʣlz*]»vȎ[)j[fs[]:s#m6Qt6*Q+`};ßj[F_jcv`r#w}|k<ڞ/r53N8>Kh q_-_??@enſEܥ\D\YAEo+ ޟd}IcY7+t{=ɩ>}i\\JfxzVdSzᔢ]Q^CJի\iceitMM5hڦg')^ et#ۯ"ÿfF->4iؤ2ݷ6#p6^-R̫gETj^I.kӽUp~D9[:/>h> \gJ|ۿؘ>ml9jMK =+*2i=0RiͶۗV{"u]IH`9J_˹KƼK$X-|=ve/ bjxw.9i%NqVJcFYKcTtO,F;%67vYb8֝qq0tUt=DvawsS~~Edzr^F-v{c++ݔ\|9Iy #nOavOY=3690Tcrilwa\˓m$?箵S6U c(.~R7suMhqcMOnKoc*ȣȩEd'J ܜk*_q}%M/7c.|;trddbsdcJev85̤iW Ę 8C# .딖e$sk80^\J众2)Nm~|Idj_ O+6ǻ#(MIz4Qo:օY,:q]̌"lK}{F]ζ)h>ʶ ^ue78_G#rqv$wkk[Q c+վ+ĸZΝFB]VzoiJRke&Kgom_7Wef_7,osJɽE%lzBt>mRs)v8'P0ֲtrOg4p_2`GlhYڦDF/ӚKmtm'P2kqU765fJY:y؊.ox%8V_ִ̌ܞjpqwЮQ;iUcNoOoٸcY w*4soӵkqf$?-jy~0{>?DaL8XL/ɞo+'8 {ʸxգj#Dy)wk̘e۩+%}~;ڼ5xek|y-%ڱ-ʜe:EEScÚ5z|r'&I&яF*F7|[nRF =(4ۖ@. n7@xx:N^8Bg%u/ny6&dR{?8U_Q6Z߯-oh.NR]} qi6~H(j7*uF&l&o8ts]/P89:jW*$w׹Ӌ FxpsCJi.7N q4WU_}7*M#qWiصnk'4ݍl*t^ c<'d:~͗enFQRz9v~ddoTZ̚k7X(wUswO̙fոҁՕ[$IAI>WW~ĪEѢNoeutYߑ-Eixιpxq{FnyfRrjqU᫤]>wPU8)Y-7Wbq㛋w:7ܣ].j%K:y4] %9$I%pT(󨪙VqiYٓ4y~5S/XTDZM2lȪ; S~Kx:(Mn0';-{*qV&|W3S+\֔a{R{s=lYmN9Fn&o'}Vi( ?*qV5ѼCNsM饏zߴ$^O69@ ,$y|jE;gW/u|M?3+ZՕN86յw%|QO㏏S\E#ddsgl+Scl3~~CԕQľ?5_ z߿t11OĶ0>oB9E/SOSk+b&Yn>$툧eg) "!܉(1 uBoJ)/t/,:=7M+1ܺ#CmS^Nz 6[u&]+|Dfj:uZ5-Z^TjMtm>cȳ NdT_,M#Ex;pt۴ͮ#!N iKl!zPծ~$1SiO} HI&g Bf)b%Ko̧kumEnص;V?j>nltOMVۆl>.WueYaw2+qK,?uHiqqSM}~gu3xbcWSy/Xc{%sZ]uaUM;7:cb5G97'7þյW,;$ܛyVjl޻y7S;o6gf.Tг[7/i1Z^rE cUF'P1-?%u&q{fw~27ޡ ^w$?SwP[=R3Y73 4x(Kk&rLȫMKn:RjcI?3Al`vض[POĖSYujj6v+-[xҵ=~zNN>\ɲQ/uufo*e6l;31붏.>w6=7#7dFDc%ƶTbd;2/=?Asr! ~ZSS~I"9y]Hn,ĊJ7S}cK"amCg3yP=RQɤW}t;-{F+v+RɔڎB?º{SV묖kۏmK~%.Q;OfEf_Y/F-V-MdD)m.ZՍ8Y*h[g/6ydmCc[rdfʾ䖗gd$^֍^ʅѻL|<[݉\߯RiJUo';œN?B smS ܹkس,mRE^ѣlJ&.ċ԰YO:޼f\Z'HCѯU[ʩ1ff4S-٥YxTIGLiыr }L)edׂ*l|ٚuoxӿnWkTbbVm zT_'"x5Vިxo1ج^Fq6Sd3ws'/ڞ6m?}1OsRGݝ+,~ڬ%^p1ef5c25vq~﹉ă[r-eq] 8+/ESj}?mUE.xYK3"oƔ^Y9I]I ޑ" &*4.Jâ}ټQbXKJ񽼀ncg`+riܭ_'Bֽp%bX'7cB}WPm|zHָLJhj~E>i~Z$297|_hyΕ&s}ZϷ *j]:v.HK<SP8`Pƣ)r ,}8Wk[ArHgn=о7:J]TTP>OOj J_KyB\Ԥrm嬷ȫr{ݙ5R(FRЪ6q}KLmR'eޖz6[YތesYYL5Tr7s\^rؙV͸컬j5d?yk'b S }kra^ߚRH)[sg.fLM\u= vJQ]rVkZuoN}#G?yjO%|i2fKoӰღC P_Ϳ6Zr{e/m$i}9 G2')YG9KY>|1ӫ +v+i;h\Q@˿Lӭn˖ 7ck>Vr.D0)hC<˄4"0[eԬݭe+l2s3ss oX]1r]+VK vI;mZ')R6e5=/i@]H^Z۬՝EW.jƆf{8mXMV~_̝z^VR}T63}}k3+k3:j1Phlpi{欍BȽ}6w73GtUZv>4eUj$ xz$$D/߇ߟI"uk̜aƪ*ke/F:dһ_PE1ݡkp(5ʏ-ɮ{Yllԧg!ܝ g]i-umεŸxOê^=PR ##XeMy%2L~󜺶Hm ݙ2t_ƶz7'\Z4T<"AM-&xaC]a5.huQ۫$cMμ|h;.J.o߸sE-zU{d];|YLSMvSEneNKr1B[]NeonNߪ$4̘FPrkxޱ=0lr7Q%=$KQ;0r*XKdGۃ*]w-npᬶ\tt4>Dc[Ouo3/)-WҴ xs71eԤm*ٖ웗H''.Cnmy]݊Kra[9)Y#2U6d7tf.[R.GdE>#O_.+-K`{KonR_ÕM/)?:F,Xo1ƽRmz8C]lD %(x+d2Ah+\CCLJ!D65x\ȼv)\Nrp*[YُfL*PyVΚuWA K4hyYdwihNIy#ub?4NDϐ'4 :nFe(o%ve@@xl-k%QƭRP&kεMŪ-Ys2u ]T!}8*TQnZ}v =~mԧyDM&8K>2|Bnugܷ.wvCs̼5F^ubES7ݢM&4Ź-~mKx1((sr!M5uy\q)oy|a)ˣ,A?w"T휳2\F}PR-<2%`~4Z5\W"(USkGpT(~Qj>ɰ쏳ǓSKKx's]nEf'.iݙL>Moƹk7ݭ[.г6lk<;?)#E]xFU7'>vF%R;t:Җs}NSBWX=Y8ث}~G)S^^ƽwR[)/Fm-ڞTK~˓Z]U;RQ=M/"NԝP[-Y9t_8V+}P?Ue{M/O&WWKvc#r'KM'p[±vtpRC/W|7K2Rfm;ljm%Z]^T[6}6iTC }L[uxg7(Z}. SRI)jҞzȶ쳢oYRw$ŷ"J\ǭw{u'R taF{;3hHB\RP(*ZQ]y;;k٥nWbGKv-V?NDҞkd9@z LJ}Kc9C*?V-*[*۸-0.|󲝳ߗZK#%_OFGF$kC$[NNJ7Yn[k~Xzc+Sʲuhsw^^4+nElbƮKD,}YLV=i=|p|_=b5mȵ(~,em#Xƥ.sVoEaWXc.lY uG\m';'*\ӆ}|˯UfQBvo}/"zw + qvMrQ[[AdU2ٽCGgjؖS~Ev%9">$_2Sߚ%ѽ7jX(t#21r{̬F]b()?r[Rı)W[O/6]XL9 vuLh-Ȃ9"'7f!Փ䮿Bf}[lag֧]?Pc#D9EmfK7o*})+n!]qIo^FrNVNo!Eƃd#OP?%ۋ(mPu93ۣ{}2&$%cZ߯LҚY);U afԶd,*'6_?B:R~}^̬~mJ+vC}Ѩe"MY+mi :s쥸;iJeYvBddeK|#5/mzR]F2 JHUU )/S{Ic$=: W)>} @0#URsR=w"L{+ɞ)d|*qq2>[nƨDۋ-G[6½J|{Ѿ4MwyG-Σ Ze{ug>2|'zΤ2%xՑ*<Q̥T')uLkjn(zF-JOR}wn~FV5zq2m'^VS=7Y^RdfeO)>EpX붚w*r*w˿^kڴ{J;K۔sRŶU]p\zn@dx6[+yeH[_m_/I&mv|M5&&-G"v۴^{vg8Y(K_~h0e AxfrzڬkhS/Vy1ϯdW3'͹}{'V-:MW(V/ͷ*E7s\EmEW}bUr'k,P{9?B֫ #[uNrB,wo^{fdF(5tRf.2J-/:~ t0M"d_/c^32*q]yLl^2[ݥZc*vtm213r'tSuM-Խ#o/HF+2VEpmǦޟS?Rs+t:u G8n,Ԛf,hY8SX*rKf>+cpruɬ=DMrXgϸ:~ɲ ~]'5'kElw\=ڞAG&')G9R\_̝1K;nPg&T(ի[^Jҟ"qoӸ.W}3mF>'$<\U6-~?x?B~{^xkpv-vlߣe빹j\(ښsuu6lH(qoaYt?x8}Ie '@b%TݲygV.+O9/W4MsCMuFjYzG.{ds.k(>G~K?ni-=R r}r ?s̥%l5Ϛ9IN6~۩RĢWNʾE[|nb.HY—קWkr1ҺշMNDp)^¸R:w;u1 12]T/Uiʹd%2OC2K*r5S]g凫5 UQ.ȫ– /i91njFkQxuJ1rn%XDžy?s˗վuMGƋ/m^J*RsF))uF,'l{=|nFm9:N\%u#tnXE->e2Y0PũjUȨEŭ|'eʹ[o{Ցms%CGg/}t|snzrvm\g}cÊ94Pvg'L}ّg궮ԱߢO^f.W-sT]M˔ېе<^Н'KuNn_Vl8*Kж^ xsuW51-ￖFzƉT-kY/9wzDޯ/XlW)gypǚjDɨ~{ݤHCim.[>rqE_Uرx/>|L64%aj;fxӱF(K֓J9՞ -K> I_5Enn´&=Oc%o̟IJZF$۲5I9Wݚ n.WTuѲӏ[4U/9.2zX5\j3ĎEsMq4%9.d[7јc9eNa+sjE';%s#ɤ`ףS=WI쫢.Mv:j/[3:rTF_zt:.z%udW%]xܮVz$Vŗ49[^y.խN~M&mx+wGR~_4KC[ʻ:v>03߶v9x-Mȧ$c:lrCWjeg%ֹ_Nh՝Qɏj^ϛr^.>WhlE5yֵ6\W^确]*гc&^NI[oCDn.ߑ!,m&M_/'Mn$s\r^8|uSZZ1|LV<(zq׮xmٚZƏ%.Ԁs^2𱸒O#&,s[mײ9kޖCoSq&俙qxP.N] 2UǎsM2iN.f r[mcQZmFُE{#[TbҔ*sfaSrn^8N<\_'MarJ6 EQғ|F[S'[~q~kmn[_x?B f5Q١X=g(~[Cx}GO ĺo'e)~dq(Ot`sN=~heu ::m'Cjj>~5V柙cyQD%uqEc{[l^U O]b~eŦۑ'W3&' 2V.^D%G S6\wYNO$. O+^ŵG~haEs^=1*bICzFF4O#,Wu3허ekB\I'tWMߩOG3iFz{rgeM9g r] i3gk&u1r/1kVgR-ɿuF .^;3;?3큦bN̂r4ovMkڞ}[:,IVG<};*-2",>K%bK2Ƨ[w!)ˤ;d?4%Ul2ږec4#ōIw^R_/TFX+*FM[F|a'ߚ2SIMeVGn ~&Y Ym(?ԛ],=|сG4yjk"Q^~ԗ^c,qqrg^-:Uc[E8>>k|nS..LBIc>3i|ZEZXAqm nuOm<; X~mrK=~ ƱrSN<U!F΋WS/|t?K)zd} ,C"ovx?bբs3mX3桭X֖˦kFddhg}$ggSo5jL*NdJis$ EQ\v=0HxzyW~FT_Ƶccg,&=_V(%kq+_÷O'[_[Uڽv F $Ξ9n5EN/4Yy/%*} .jΔ`V_6\VͲohzfOgޯzpj}y}v:34WH;+x7ӻu<ݦ"mJ/=>eoD֣c4kXW-[}٬6;t[Na_• _5i5˗sٴ]+e;Joj㼶ۙyLumo5&F)F\ {(sm_M>gzcr)KU̠Ħ=VDd'h;-aŤ9KٰqQܫަazMp4bk9 UX.ͮ]KeS5Uq[¹X0ɦ6]roFjʧ2׏6/C6eQE5KӰmsFnIz&`z팡-ٯ.ixyك?c2//z6M4W[]_"?Õ[? Vfvӳq]I5(d|MʝzcC*mN>B2gD+><e:Gh %UkW%zJ8k_ˠ=KFRfw{sŖ^q\/{v[Ω}gLjT[t_ޕg6G~rkkMcSRKբ54?SAûO1o%[>5/R~CioNdNʛćh>f6H8c/<1xd[ŦCEk.9"ej?w&O6^ژR[vrQ.z㎩f6:V8}hi2z~ s-w]+|I9s_C~>-S&9ZFVLf7-d'pՠplJ#mm؎s(?Ʋ?/A%_sXuGNnR}_dq>1ʍ|У3]NXYZʷ/&ܛ彖LS? 6]"_t5qP5Kq]^m91jW暹U6-5WU澦M0˵f2ӪǮ.P~? _nEJTcTei)ٳrۣ%x %gs}7l9'tb~dXst# r?}Weaq>=+to)7،E*vn\e_,\NFxcivz]tM˼?Oԝ2Zrλs-ĺEtonIIfm/9^[^EBUjOnr6vI& l]%0")2䒶-+R*zyX<> -X9GUo^xYQ8ιvixٔa\t)hv}ьոVU~tK,=_wLLa?TYIo]$`N6cbi?#7;MRt<.~Q-mob\\g5췍 ڌ_?8nfJN/Y͢n3?_sϩ{HiְPo'yS??_jߡWi5q? MWȲ)8a]lLˏ--b[TXlΫRy;o5뜾$HW.mm?շG[Ƀ seo5Q}Le%*،«~uU{R$t\^%!weX:G('6WupTS&~8=jo?2_PϖE[nf6Tٯ;GLW)NM[o*\j%.gb|䭹noOX:1R)UTj74˓]D_bʝkzNI.9|^G`KeQ{mOjX/sR7evdgi7qm}ތW&4=~|YY)?7Oj}xXkF×4c.l?i|b[5Ή5j-[Y\z<茲Z$Ff&o;gErǩݦ̪/q[&[/9uuzi;PS^_/?]=ΕqK~ӛ5'NM[m_Ϲc'[oӯE#g߂vvGNRo϶o5Ǩ[ɉtov2~i<7iSȜN(G5+/ٛMTܣukj鷣/$1˒!Mxr\ߤs1ZuMQȌ^]c$CXrj#N/˦Ķ9]Nzê5zi;W,v!ŧD6zğ7uR5^MW}>igl2U2nXo{}_w]&vte\Z3 MEEe/ 2s㗼S_bIղTI}|[Ye/c]*̪9u/DmyNxSDgi `Z?.RFj۪'~.[KVb޺o濡to?E#[.^y=q4F8ڎ/GX\.YW!Z.ѕtt:?gYYyU%Uw~ri>ȦKhg,5/=>V?TrN4aWO,oӕ7-SRi*"dܽpuaVQÞd-#J2Nr:#``ѧWR-F?I-T -cOT2pr?þזgE\Ij~L9%EMoџUؙt8_eYΧWjU}e9y9z/#TT-2dLt3H=ڼcKb'"uIٓ'[[߱F~\2]r%C]^VCLjm[cJNryf}ջ.[DEoRՒb'>fVy_c6[K4Na5>{ɳaw/Uj.Զ_K~?IeJ7OQx3IgFc*جɊǽ-o3Ӭp / ]7V*ENܜ[r/tOJΉw*ʨ*JFN^.WZeLgUwKi/M9y8dkOᛊHxGĶM*&#h/U|6D(uFyE5hYxiSEVm^D|,ۿCj;<*ouOkYpΔ2{x-L] !k2ا#IM'a7:M}M1Y儭Mnk[/;4Uwkkɫ%aɔoXVV$m;2Z4i9:>\Yů= ?[{t6,~!c`Un+dW.gKyIB]l+3kض(\MZ\}>k\C~閹l[ů]VNtƸr몮X+U>v'nv{y7s[г̭9Ctvt% GqT8=wa(6\Rd柮YWv^Fd^\+緉,+=-^S"k:NVu o[_TIѝ椯bF/G㿏dΙ?T}K-T)W>s?3M)V*,;P\,}B u{rDexڥVFfw}47׋w}]Դ 1dmk1V%/'T:Fǒ_TEe[l/l/ٯc{Ƀ[~`zj⾥r}Vܪ{M8Qv]$mU]8J2MngcxY?鑞.9HjxSy.fS(|]MgcK2$(jRQ3XO|<f:Jq4& fw|$N )A8ת99 mFNM*Dϒ NoIa9i9y?:D⻧߇\7ɧ]mu"-˥5/w̨_ 7DK['[2"(%xzT\*GT"+<,yX.lEJrfo?.4N;l>jmZߣ5FdB3\r,t,./S]Q{tm5lӕT~A [fv7Iہc: ΪN7I]2(|o$NLW"#~Dͭ=v-Mv{-lqn{I3xn'6.=DƟܖަ~deQV;k2Ei\[bӴ1_]OhZl朠&t3xkei+c\'ZԪ'hK梿X@cTԫ#emIz6e^i?8 NBc̆f+MׇdC]YSd%lώ8-c7eι/}_con/no\핍~[WNReXMo+اn ?#Ͷ-AUFN1V4!y,{1a$S﹑;Ǚr"__[o) xk}7EI/riwؙ7mR}`|yrEVdo/B# uٳiNQKQkᑑ^d@/=ˑɒ768fsuor9=7ףܹճpMr-$1uySOZN?đrqզ9F q=.!T?ػ bf{¯q=$^:!ES߿ Fu\OS,8e^UוS^hF4BQƺȪw-kF39@X06 Fv=Q^|ƞ5}2tnmG_|Λ(|%](-5>KȁN$=6lq).12 V6m$ׇlOcҫܸ K{;ľ>+Q?Rx-Keu uMy$i B}G*h$Q -W[-&a"[i\}~Ek$<~c{MffS eS.#\^lMiytު]9S{u4 {DFޅSź}R ]R$y;r/P̙3niXMt;&!rxw\ZFmQ"w\L{^۔K&/gr:m=2%5bwE"^e[\$ɟPi!U_rdS2d?=[!(I.rC QZEim%}|YmzZ_ά<ۡLQM|` ybPȏ}?]Eu[`kҫgFb~F}Q8NP>5lӳ^-K%Q}$sx7SvnfTƸ|Kzd'_ⰽח$4L Y?qy32t j2e ȜrJ{mبhۍUU'p#8y'ѝ=i+Tĩo7WYyČkL5؝M=%"Nt}eXW)N.~sv5pɮ sSQ[+-/}kVk'FEɩ9SE&T=&\緵 --tf.9Ѳ4_##_ɱTFV؞~YTddS&s=䟚Fb1._5}~gM'p#,U hs--XG wtԹTi7M:GYK5'^W?C>_Gq/S&d| k_gO ӊiJeHU G_ Êg#),}-:5>V1emq}t}q?meKU:BqJeiPɗ#\$sI} Z生ƫoo=V=pVcUg"%wEm叡vIdhrȔ~F]p58_.,O|'Ɇ^L!c6OWӷ{x9?Fp?ceOuT+Uɵݹ&gx9i퓃sxGIm}_3Īr#:ԣ?4בc[jö#B7KʌWNo)=+c }YvP{lv^r+5Vxx_:~=̌Q}CTy+Wh鸚f$101뢊F[#--Y\i@l)W8/E>8nlj/ktOľ,q*[sE[]:?ZeQvŔɺ|j(Wx,LW=:S?κq%81c)jJvODLiW,{96vr-2}-EH,}%3k#l5gl~x__W Sڎ 8YJQvA=QIWju6-X9$kWЩCI4UWd'&O/Cf=Pi/#+>n$KYst܅y4ʷD^~%~myj,s_4Q}΍Cή;SW:h=Ff{.B/inȇo=-T͸OY2}hlK}.m7-z?,f-/^b\QWs/_͔/3In[6M;l ygؼ!WUË_)D9YL4_>f}ϵ3hV5Oѣ(l8?L4蹥[-Э=7V{&ʢPʼ*3cMz>u4@[oM gKS[jy"Lھzɵfx)GE`ֿ.=kJ>/iˢ[j-qץQC B@o V(ʯG?Bܻ\I>=K-].(vOE.5׮=/Pf^&$caY9{3މ%YOxZ~6Z;;ԗ.NJzş/YϖĜ%ѿO^tY$ν4|e}2ɶU9A؜h˺LrIm%J.|I]kG|DzU k4'(T\9߱^!z -:mW^ <= <^2*;Seq(6ªsHf5ʸO{Ilr~G uJY^k5X_y;5'59O@ƣ̶>pnCOvNwX4oUUf]Џe%MV9Xm9]x'Q=82z)c/~1\~LSow>ﺍƻUql~Sqo羘sk}VjG71kYؽ]b4qnMӡ; w@̇IL㿗[43)]=v*)EH'a񖳋ҎTkxuXGK& ZIR(M8?:ixJp-dmckpu*%N^-7E3='ceE&';_J'Mw𶥏Y9+d9+>!e_Sn|VX -TZu]Ģ/6\ckr /ޗ/z[y.N:*k$ }Yǭ}GUm^-%dm;K_#ctBsg2:8rz-VE|T w.}w9NEPGnoCe8/&3qT}MJ̙Mۗ~哳,-WI_Bsh+~͛vN{ZdYKݲkr%+lo*re-ه?:vYqFfCsqMXRķ{yqgrx.oǓ\xdڗ_ZC9WomX|KmV_%UJܷr$drȳL~MoKyYLic Jq<1$UuٯTד374s<ĕ96춉r9 pGc9=p^:)ZJb&VӝXٽ 0/X& ۳*_ԙƏ.5J 6<$$6B0d_d?hqd>XCe- wO@pg:.>$.Ϣ~L޲|,{-ɪ2.u/Ds-[ُiVIWK5M#Fܭ3?x.)ۣ,wJ)Ȳڣ-#fbdq&Tͧ8Q,YqQ)/R­?\k˔[p_+ogzP[6r^o}_kT}JiJ;<ivEH8wI@MOPʊ\#+$%PDF-1.7 GIF89;
ANDA PELER
Server IP : 182.253.108.180  /  Your IP : 18.119.166.141
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux sma1wiradesa.sch.id 4.15.0-213-generic #224-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jun 19 13:30:12 UTC 2023 x86_64
User : wijaya ( 1017)
PHP Version : 7.3.33-10+ubuntu18.04.1+deb.sury.org+1
Disable Function : pcntl_alarm,pcntl_fork,pcntl_waitpid,pcntl_wait,pcntl_wifexited,pcntl_wifstopped,pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifcontinued,pcntl_wexitstatus,pcntl_wtermsig,pcntl_wstopsig,pcntl_signal,pcntl_signal_get_handler,pcntl_signal_dispatch,pcntl_get_last_error,pcntl_strerror,pcntl_sigprocmask,pcntl_sigwaitinfo,pcntl_sigtimedwait,pcntl_exec,pcntl_getpriority,pcntl_setpriority,pcntl_async_signals,
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /usr/share/apport/general-hooks/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :

[ HOME ]     

Current File : /usr/share/apport/general-hooks/parse_segv.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
# Examine the crash files saved by apport to attempt to determine the cause
# of a segfault.  Currently very very simplistic, and only finds commonly
# understood situations for x86/x86_64.
#
# Copyright 2009-2010  Canonical, Ltd.
# Author: Kees Cook <kees@ubuntu.com>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.  See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html for
# the full text of the license.

import sys, re, logging, io


class ParseSegv(object):
    def __init__(self, registers, disassembly, maps, debug=False):
        if debug:
            if sys.version > '3':
                logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
                                    stream=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stderr, encoding='UTF-8'))
            else:
                logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, stream=sys.stderr)

        self.regs = self.parse_regs(registers)
        self.sp = None
        for reg in ['rsp', 'esp']:
            if reg in self.regs:
                self.sp = self.regs[reg]

        self.line, self.pc, self.insn, self.src, self.dest = \
            self.parse_disassembly(disassembly)

        self.stack_vma = None
        self.maps = self.parse_maps(maps)

    def find_vma(self, addr):
        for vma in self.maps:
            if addr >= vma['start'] and addr < vma['end']:
                return vma
        return None

    def parse_maps(self, maps_str):
        maps = []
        for line in maps_str.splitlines():
            items = line.strip().split()
            try:
                span, perms, bits, dev = items[0:4]
            except Exception:
                raise ValueError('Cannot parse maps line: %s' % (line.strip()))
            if len(items) == 5:
                name = None
            else:
                name = items[5]
            start, end = [int(x, 16) for x in span.split('-')]
            if name == '[stack]':
                self.stack_vma = len(maps)
            maps.append({'start': start, 'end': end, 'perms': perms, 'name': name})
            logging.debug('start: %s, end: %s, perms: %s, name: %s', start, end, perms, name)
        return maps

    def parse_regs(self, reg_str):
        regs = dict()
        for line in reg_str.splitlines():
            reg, hexvalue = line.split()[0:2]
            regs[reg] = int(hexvalue, 16)
            logging.debug('%s:0x%08x', reg, regs[reg])
        return regs

    def parse_disassembly(self, disassembly):
        if not self.regs:
            raise ValueError('Registers not loaded yet!?')
        lines = disassembly.splitlines()
        # Throw away possible 'Dump' gdb report line
        if len(lines) > 0 and lines[0].startswith('Dump'):
            lines.pop(0)
        if len(lines) < 1:
            raise ValueError('Failed to load empty disassembly')
        line = lines[0].strip()
        # Drop GDB 7.1's leading $pc mark
        if line.startswith('=>'):
            line = line[2:].strip()
        logging.debug(line)
        pc_str = line.split()[0]
        if pc_str.startswith('0x'):
            pc = int(pc_str.split(':')[0], 16)
        else:
            # Could not identify this instruction line
            raise ValueError('Could not parse PC "%s" from disassembly line: %s' % (pc_str, line))
        logging.debug('pc: 0x%08x', pc)

        full_insn_str = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
        # Handle invalid memory
        if 'Cannot access memory at address' in full_insn_str or (full_insn_str == '' and len(lines) == 1):
            return line, pc, None, None, None
        # Handle wrapped lines
        if full_insn_str == '' and lines[1].startswith(' '):
            line = line + ' ' + lines[1].strip()
            full_insn_str = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()

        insn_parts = full_insn_str.split()
        # Drop call target names "call   0xb7a805af <_Unwind_Find_FDE@plt+111>"
        if insn_parts[-1].endswith('>') and insn_parts[-1].startswith('<'):
            insn_parts.pop(-1)
        # Attempt to find arguments
        args_str = ''
        if len(insn_parts) > 1:
            args_str = insn_parts.pop(-1)
        # Assume remainder is the insn itself
        insn = ' '.join(insn_parts)
        logging.debug('insn: %s', insn)

        args = []
        src = None
        dest = None
        if args_str == '':
            # Could not find insn args
            args = None
        else:
            logging.debug('args: "%s"', args_str)

            for m in re.finditer(r'([^,\(]*(\(:?[^\)]+\))*)', args_str):
                if len(m.group(0)):
                    args.append(m.group(0))
            if len(args) > 0:
                src = args[0]
                logging.debug('src: %s', src)
            if len(args) > 1:
                dest = args[1]
                logging.debug('dest: %s', dest)

        # Set up possible implicit memory destinations (stack actions)
        if insn in ['push', 'pop', 'pushl', 'popl', 'call', 'callq', 'ret', 'retq']:
            for reg in ['rsp', 'esp']:
                if reg in self.regs:
                    dest = '(%%%s)' % (reg)
                    break

        return line, pc, insn, src, dest

    def validate_vma(self, perm, addr, name):
        perm_name = {'x': ['executable', 'executing'], 'r': ['readable', 'reading'], 'w': ['writable', 'writing']}
        vma = self.find_vma(addr)
        if vma is None:
            alarmist = 'unknown'
            if addr < 65536:
                alarmist = 'NULL'
            return False, '%s (0x%08x) not located in a known VMA region (needed %s region)!' % (name, addr, perm_name[perm][0]), '%s %s VMA' % (perm_name[perm][1], alarmist)
        elif perm not in vma['perms']:
            alarmist = ''
            if perm == 'x':
                if 'w' in vma['perms']:
                    alarmist = 'writable '
                else:
                    alarmist = 'non-writable '
            short = '%s %sVMA %s' % (perm_name[perm][1], alarmist, vma['name'])

            return False, '%s (0x%08x) in non-%s VMA region: 0x%08x-0x%08x %s %s' % (name, addr, perm_name[perm][0], vma['start'], vma['end'], vma['perms'], vma['name']), short
        else:
            return True, '%s (0x%08x) ok' % (name, addr), '%s ok' % (perm_name[perm][1])

    def register_value(self, reg):
        reg_orig = reg

        # print reg
        mask = 0
        if reg.startswith('%'):
            # print('%s -> %s' % (reg, reg[1:]))
            reg = reg[1:]
        if reg in self.regs:
            # print('got %s (%d & %d == %d)' % (reg, self.regs[reg], mask, self.regs[reg] & ~mask))
            return self.regs[reg]

        if len(reg) == 2 and reg.endswith('l'):
            mask |= 0xff00
            # print('%s -> %sx' % (reg, reg[0]))
            reg = '%sx' % reg[0]
        if reg in self.regs:
            # print('got %s (%d & %d == %d)' % (reg, self.regs[reg], mask, self.regs[reg] & ~mask))
            return self.regs[reg] & ~mask

        if len(reg) == 2 and reg.endswith('x'):
            mask |= 0xffff0000
            # print('%s -> e%s' % (reg, reg))
            reg = 'e%s' % reg
        if reg in self.regs:
            # print('got %s (%d & %d == %d)' % (reg, self.regs[reg], mask, self.regs[reg] & ~mask))
            return self.regs[reg] & ~mask

        if len(reg) == 3 and reg.startswith('e'):
            mask |= 0xffffffff00000000
            # print('%s -> r%s' % (reg, reg[1:]))
            reg = 'r%s' % reg[1:]
        if reg in self.regs:
            # print('got %s (%d & %d == %d)' % (reg, self.regs[reg], mask, self.regs[reg] & ~mask))
            return self.regs[reg] & ~mask
        raise ValueError("Could not resolve register '%s'" % (reg_orig))

    def calculate_arg(self, arg):
        # Check for and pre-remove segment offset
        segment = 0
        if arg.startswith('%') and ':' in arg:
            parts = arg.split(':', 1)
            segment = self.regs[parts[0][1:]]
            arg = parts[1]

        # Handle standard offsets
        parts = arg.split('(')
        offset = parts[0]
        # Handle negative signs
        sign = 1
        if offset.startswith('-'):
            sign = -1
            offset = offset[1:]
        # Skip call target dereferences
        if offset.startswith('*'):
            offset = offset[1:]
        if len(offset) > 0:
            if offset.startswith('%'):
                # Handle the *%REG case
                add = self.regs[offset[1:]]
            else:
                if not offset.startswith('0x'):
                    raise ValueError('Unknown offset literal: %s' % (parts[0]))
                add = int(offset[2:], 16) * sign
        else:
            add = 0

        def _reg_val(self, text, val=0):
            if text.startswith('%'):
                val = self.regs[text[1:]]
            elif text == "":
                val = 0
            else:
                val = int(text)
            return val

        # (%ebx, %ecx, 4) style
        value = 0
        if len(parts) > 1:
            parens = parts[1][0:-1]
            reg_list = parens.split(',')

            base = 0
            if len(reg_list) > 0:
                base = _reg_val(self, reg_list[0], base)
            index = 0
            if len(reg_list) > 1:
                index = _reg_val(self, reg_list[1], index)
            scale = 1
            if len(reg_list) > 2:
                scale = _reg_val(self, reg_list[2], scale)
            value = base + index * scale

        value = segment + value + add
        if 'esp' in self.regs:
            # 32bit
            return value % 0x100000000
        else:
            # 64bit
            return value % 0x10000000000000000

    def report(self):
        understood = False
        reason = []
        details = ['Segfault happened at: %s' % (self.line)]

        # Verify PC is in an executable region
        valid, out, short = self.validate_vma('x', self.pc, 'PC')
        details.append(out)
        if not valid:
            reason.append(short)
            understood = True

        if self.insn in ['lea', 'leal']:
            # Short-circuit for instructions that do not cause vma access
            details.append('insn (%s) does not access VMA' % (self.insn))
        else:
            # Verify source is readable
            if self.src:
                if ':' not in self.src and (self.src[0] in ['%', '$', '*']) and not self.src.startswith('*%'):
                    details.append('source "%s" ok' % (self.src))
                else:
                    addr = self.calculate_arg(self.src)
                    valid, out, short = self.validate_vma('r', addr, 'source "%s"' % (self.src))
                    details.append(out)
                    if not valid:
                        reason.append(short)
                        understood = True

            # Verify destination is writable
            if self.dest:
                if ':' not in self.dest and (self.dest[0] in ['%', '$', '*']):
                    details.append('destination "%s" ok' % (self.dest))
                else:
                    addr = self.calculate_arg(self.dest)
                    valid, out, short = self.validate_vma('w', addr, 'destination "%s"' % (self.dest))
                    details.append(out)
                    if not valid:
                        reason.append(short)
                        understood = True

        # Handle I/O port operations
        if self.insn in ['out', 'in'] and not understood:
            reason.append('disallowed I/O port operation on port %d' % (self.register_value(self.src)))
            details.append('disallowed I/O port operation on port %d' % (self.register_value(self.src)))
            understood = True

        # Note position of SP with regard to "[stack]" VMA
        if self.sp is not None:
            if self.stack_vma is not None:
                if self.sp < self.maps[self.stack_vma]['start']:
                    details.append("Stack memory exhausted (SP below stack segment)")
                if self.sp >= self.maps[self.stack_vma]['end']:
                    details.append("Stack pointer not within stack segment")
            if not understood:
                valid, out, short = self.validate_vma('r', self.sp, 'SP')
                details.append(out)
                if not valid:
                    reason.append(short)
                    understood = True

        if not understood:
            vma = self.find_vma(self.pc)
            if vma and (vma['name'] == '[vdso]' or vma['name'] == '[vsyscall]'):
                reason.append('Reason could not be automatically determined. (Unhandled exception in kernel code?)')
                details.append('Reason could not be automatically determined. (Unhandled exception in kernel code?)')
            else:
                reason.append('Reason could not be automatically determined.')
                details.append('Reason could not be automatically determined.')
        return understood, '\n'.join(reason), '\n'.join(details)


def add_info(report):
    # Only interested in segmentation faults...
    if report.get('Signal', '0') != '11':
        return

    needed = ['Signal', 'Architecture', 'Disassembly', 'ProcMaps', 'Registers']
    for field in needed:
        if field not in report:
            report['SegvAnalysis'] = 'Skipped: missing required field "%s"' % (field)
            return

    # Only run on segv for x86 and x86_64...
    if not report['Architecture'] in ['i386', 'amd64']:
        return

    try:
        segv = ParseSegv(report['Registers'], report['Disassembly'], report['ProcMaps'])
        understood, reason, details = segv.report()
        if understood:
            report['SegvReason'] = reason
        report['SegvAnalysis'] = details
    except BaseException as e:
        report['SegvAnalysis'] = 'Failure: %s' % (str(e))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    if len(sys.argv) != 4 or sys.argv[1] in ['-h', '--help']:
        print('To run self-test, run without any arguments (or with -v)')
        print('To do stand-alone crash parsing:')
        print('  Usage: %s Registers.txt Disassembly.txt ProcMaps.txt' % (sys.argv[0]))
        sys.exit(0)

    segv = ParseSegv(open(sys.argv[1]).read(),
                     open(sys.argv[2]).read(),
                     open(sys.argv[3]).read())
    understood, reason, details = segv.report()
    print('%s\n\n%s' % (reason, details))
    rc = 0
    if not understood:
        rc = 1
    sys.exit(rc)

Anon7 - 2022
SCDN GOK