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  <div class="section" id="static-pages">
<h1>Static pages<a class="headerlink" href="#static-pages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This tutorial assumes you’ve downloaded CodeIgniter and
<a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><span class="doc">installed the framework</span></a> in your
development environment.</p>
</div>
<p>The first thing you’re going to do is set up a <strong>controller</strong> to handle
static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work.
It is the glue of your web application.</p>
<p>For example, when a call is made to:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">latest</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We might imagine that there is a controller named “news”. The method
being called on news would be “latest”. The news method’s job could be to
grab 10 news items, and render them on the page. Very often in MVC,
you’ll see URL patterns that match:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">arguments</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As URL schemes become more complex, this may change. But for now, this
is all we will need to know.</p>
<div class="section" id="let-s-make-our-first-controller">
<h2>Let’s make our first controller<a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-make-our-first-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Create a file at <strong>app/Controllers/Pages.php</strong> with the following
code.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>

<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="nx">App\Controllers</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\Controller</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Pages</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">Controller</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;welcome_message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You have created a class named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code>, with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method that accepts
one argument named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$page</span></code>. It also has an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> method, the same
as the default controller found in <strong>app/Controllers/Home.php</strong>; that method
displays the CodeIgniter welcome page.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class is extending the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CodeIgniter\Controller</span></code> class. This means that the new Pages class can access the
methods and variables defined in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CodeIgniter\Controller</span></code> class
(<em>system/Controller.php</em>).</p>
<p>The <strong>controller is what will become the center of every request</strong> to
your web application. Like any php class, you refer to
it within your controllers as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>.</p>
<p>Now that you’ve created your first method, it’s time to make some basic page
templates. We will be creating two “views” (page templates) that act as
our page footer and header.</p>
<p>Create the header at <strong>app/Views/templates/header.php</strong> and add
the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;!</span><span class="nx">doctype</span> <span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
    <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">CodeIgniter</span> <span class="nx">Tutorial</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>

    <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The header contains the basic HTML code that you’ll want to display
before loading the main view, together with a heading. It will also
output the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable, which we’ll define later in the controller.
Now, create a footer at <strong>app/Views/templates/footer.php</strong> that
includes the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>    <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;&amp;</span><span class="nb">copy</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="mi">2021</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you look closely in <strong>header.php</strong> template we are using an <strong>esc()</strong>
function. It’s a global function provided by CodeIgniter to help prevent
XSS attacks. You can read more about it <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">There are two <strong>view()</strong> functions referred to in this tutorial.
One is the class method created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">public</span> <span class="pre">function</span> <span class="pre">view($page</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">'home')</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">echo</span> <span class="pre">view('welcome_message');</span></code> for displaying a view.
Both are <em>technically</em> a function. But when you create a function in a class,
it’s called a method.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-logic-to-the-controller">
<h2>Adding logic to the controller<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-logic-to-the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Earlier you set up a controller with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method. The method
accepts one parameter, which is the name of the page to be loaded. The
static page bodies will be located in the <strong>app/Views/pages/</strong>
directory.</p>
<p>In that directory, create two files named <strong>home.php</strong> and <strong>about.php</strong>.
Within those files, type some text − anything you’d like − and save them.
If you like to be particularly un-original, try “Hello World!”.</p>
<p>In order to load those pages, you’ll have to check whether the requested
page actually exists. This will be the body of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method
in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created above:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;/Views/pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;.php&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="c1">// Whoops, we don&#39;t have a page for that!</span>
        <span class="k">throw</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">\CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ucfirst</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Capitalize the first letter</span>

    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now, when the requested page does exist, it is loaded, including the header and
footer, and displayed to the user. If the requested page doesn’t exist, a “404
Page not found” error is shown.</p>
<p>The first line in this method checks whether the page actually exists.
PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_file()</span></code> function is used to check whether the file
is where it’s expected to be. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PageNotFoundException</span></code> is a CodeIgniter
exception that causes the default error page to show.</p>
<p>In the header template, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable was used to customize the
page title. The value of title is defined in this method, but instead of
assigning the value to a variable, it is assigned to the title element
in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array.</p>
<p>The last thing that has to be done is loading the views in the order
they should be displayed. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> function built-in to
CodeIgniter will be used to do this. The second parameter in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code>
function is used to pass values to the view. Each value in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array
is assigned to a variable with the name of its key. So the value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code> in the controller is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> in the
view.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Any files and directory names passed into the <strong>view()</strong> function MUST
match the case of the actual directory and file itself or the system will
throw errors on case-sensitive platforms. You can read more about it
<a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/views.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-the-app">
<h2>Running the App<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Ready to test? You cannot run the app using PHP’s built-in server,
since it will not properly process the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.htaccess</span></code> rules that are provided in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">public</span></code>, and which eliminate the need to specify “index.php/”
as part of a URL. CodeIgniter has its own command that you can use though.</p>
<p>From the command line, at the root of your project:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="nx">spark</span> <span class="nx">serve</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will start a web server, accessible on port 8080. If you set the location field
in your browser to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">localhost:8080</span></code>, you should see the CodeIgniter welcome page.</p>
<p>You can now try several URLs in the browser location field, to see what the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code>
controller you made above produces…</p>
<table border="1" class="colwidths-given docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%" />
<col width="80%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">URL</th>
<th class="head">Will show</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>localhost:8080/pages</td>
<td>the results from the <cite>index</cite> method inside our <cite>Pages</cite>
controller, which is to display the CodeIgniter “welcome” page,
because “index” is the default controller method</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>localhost:8080/pages/index</td>
<td>the CodeIgniter “welcome” page, because we explicitly asked for
the “index” method</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>localhost:8080/pages/view</td>
<td>the “home” page that you made above, because it is the default
“page” parameter to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>localhost:8080/pages/view/home</td>
<td>show the “home” page that you made above, because we explicitly
asked for it</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>localhost:8080/pages/view/about</td>
<td>the “about” page that you made above, because we explicitly
asked for it</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>localhost:8080/pages/view/shop</td>
<td>a “404 - File Not Found” error page, because there is no
<cite>app/Views/pages/shop.php</cite></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The controller is now functioning!</p>
<p>Using custom routing rules, you have the power to map any URI to any
controller and method, and break free from the normal convention:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">arguments</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Let’s do that. Open the routing file located at
<strong>app/Config/Routes.php</strong> and look for the “Route Definitions”
section of the configuration file.</p>
<p>The only uncommented line there to start with should be:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$routes</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Home::index&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This directive says that any incoming request without any content
specified should be handled by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> method inside the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Home</span></code> controller.</p>
<p>Add the following line, <strong>after</strong> the route directive for ‘/’.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$routes</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Pages::view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the
request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression
(left-side) mapped to a controller and method name separated by slashes
(right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first
match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with
arguments.</p>
<p>More information about routing can be found in the URI Routing
<a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/routing.html"><span class="doc">documentation</span></a>.</p>
<p>Here, the second rule in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$routes</span></code> array matches <strong>any</strong> request
using the wildcard string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(:any)</span></code>. and passes the parameter to the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class.</p>
<p>Now visit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">localhost:8080/home</span></code>. Did it get routed correctly to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code>
method in the pages controller? Awesome!</p>
<p>You should see something like the following:</p>
<img alt="../_images/tutorial1.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/tutorial1.png" />
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">When manually specifying routes, it is recommended to disable
auto-routing by setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$routes-&gt;setAutoRoute(false);</span></code> in the Routes.php file.
This ensures that only routes you define can be accessed.</p>
</div>
</div>
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