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  <div class="section" id="working-with-http-requests">
<h1>Working With HTTP Requests<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-http-requests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In order to get the most out of CodeIgniter, you need to have a basic understanding of how HTTP requests
and responses work. Since this is what you work with while developing web applications, understanding the
concepts behind HTTP is a <strong>must</strong> for all developers that want to be successful.</p>
<p>The first part of this chapter gives an overview. After the concepts are out of the way, we will discuss
how to work with the requests and responses within CodeIgniter.</p>
<div class="section" id="what-is-http">
<h2>What is HTTP?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-http" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>HTTP is simply a text-based convention that allows two machines to talk to each other. When a browser
requests a page, it asks the server if it can get the page. The server then prepares the page and sends
a response back to the browser that asked for it. That’s pretty much it. Obviously, there are some complexities
that you can use, but the basics are really pretty simple.</p>
<p>HTTP is the term used to describe that exchange convention. It stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. Your goal when
you develop web applications is to always understand what the browser is requesting, and be able to
respond appropriately.</p>
<div class="section" id="the-request">
<h3>The Request<a class="headerlink" href="#the-request" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Whenever a client (a web browser, smartphone app, etc) makes a request, it sends a small text message
to the server and waits for a response.</p>
<p>The request would look something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">GET</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="nx">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span>
<span class="nx">Host</span> <span class="nx">codeigniter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span>
<span class="nx">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">text</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span>
<span class="nx">User</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">Agent</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">Chrome</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">46.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">2490.80</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This message displays all of the information necessary to know what the client is requesting. It tells the
method for the request (GET, POST, DELETE, etc), and the version of HTTP it supports.</p>
<p>The request also includes a number of optional request headers that can contain a wide variety of
information such as what languages the client wants the content displayed as, the types of formats the
client accepts, and much more. Wikipedia has an article that lists <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields">all header fields</a> if you want to look it over.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-response">
<h3>The Response<a class="headerlink" href="#the-response" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Once the server receives the request, your application will take that information and generate some output.
The server will bundle your output as part of its response to the client. This is also represented as
a simple text message that looks something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span> <span class="mi">200</span> <span class="nx">OK</span>
<span class="nx">Server</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">nginx</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.8</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="nx">Date</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">Thu</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mo">05</span> <span class="nx">Nov</span> <span class="mi">2015</span> <span class="mo">05</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="mi">22</span> <span class="nx">GMT</span>
<span class="nx">Content</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">text</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">UTF</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span>

<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
    <span class="o">.</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The response tells the client what version of the HTTP specification that it’s using and, probably most
importantly, the status code (200). The status code is one of a number of codes that have been standardized
to have a very specific meaning to the client. This can tell them that it was successful (200), or that the page
wasn’t found (404). Head over to IANA for a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml">full list of HTTP status codes</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-requests-and-responses">
<h3>Working with Requests and Responses<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-requests-and-responses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>While PHP provides ways to interact with the request and response headers, CodeIgniter, like most frameworks,
abstracts them so that you have a consistent, simple interface to them. The <a class="reference internal" href="../incoming/incomingrequest.html"><span class="doc">IncomingRequest class</span></a>
is an object-oriented representation of the HTTP request. It provides everything you need:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">service</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;request&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// the URI being requested (i.e., /about)</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getPath</span><span class="p">();</span>

<span class="c1">// Retrieve $_GET and $_POST variables</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getPost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Retrieve from $_REQUEST which should include</span>
<span class="c1">// both $_GET and $_POST contents</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getVar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Retrieve JSON from AJAX calls</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getJSON</span><span class="p">();</span>

<span class="c1">// Retrieve server variables</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getServer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Host&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Retrieve an HTTP Request header, with case-insensitive names</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getHeader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;host&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getHeader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Content-Type&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// GET, POST, PUT, etc</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The request class does a lot of work in the background for you, that you never need to worry about.
The <cite>isAJAX()</cite> and <cite>isSecure()</cite> methods check several different methods to determine the correct answer.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isAJAX()</span></code> method depends on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X-Requested-With</span></code> header, which in some cases is not sent by default in XHR requests via JavaScript (i.e., fetch). See the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/ajax.html"><span class="doc">AJAX Requests</span></a> section on how to avoid this problem.</p>
</div>
<p>CodeIgniter also provides a <a class="reference internal" href="../outgoing/response.html"><span class="doc">Response class</span></a> that is an object-oriented representation
of the HTTP response. This gives you an easy and powerful way to construct your response to the client:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">service</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;response&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="nv">$response</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setStatusCode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">HTTP_OK</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$response</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setBody</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$response</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setHeader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text/html&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$response</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">noCache</span><span class="p">();</span>

<span class="c1">// Sends the output to the browser</span>
<span class="c1">// This is typically handled by the framework</span>
<span class="nv">$response</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In addition, the Response class allows you to work the HTTP cache layer for the best performance.</p>
</div>
</div>
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